The SCOFF Questionnaire to Screen for Eating Disorders

The SCOFF Questionnaire to Screen for Eating Disorders Eating Disorders Diagnosis Print The SCOFF Questionnaire Screens for Eating Disorders By Susan Cowden, MS facebook linkedin Susan Cowden is a licensed marriage and family therapist and a member of the Academy for Eating Disorders. Learn about our editorial policy Susan Cowden, MS Updated on December 13, 2019 Peerawat Kamklay / Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Diagnosis Symptoms Treatment Awareness and Prevention If you believe that thoughts about food, weight, and appearance may be taking up too much of your time, then you may be experiencing symptoms of an eating disorder, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, or other specified feeding and eating disorder. When you have an eating disorder, its important to seek help as fast as possible, since treatment  helps most when you get it quickly. While the following questionnaire, known as the SCOFF questionnaire, is not meant to act as a substitute for a professional diagnosis, it can be extremely helpful in identifying people who are very likely to suffer from anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa and should get help. It was devised to be used by non-professionals. What Is the SCOFF Questionnaire? The SCOFF questionnaire is a simple, five-question screening measure to assess the possible presence of an eating disorder. It was developed in the United Kingdom by Morgan and colleagues in 1999. The SCOFF questionnaire  utilizes an  acronym (Sick, Control, One, Fat, Food) which does not translate perfectly to other countries because of the reference to one stone, but the questions themselves are easily adapted to any culture. Answering yes to two or more of the following questions indicates a possible case of anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa or other eating disorder: Do you make yourself Sick because you feel uncomfortably full?Do you worry you have lost Control over how much you eat?Have you recently lost more than One stone [approximately fifteen pounds] in a 3 month period?Do you believe yourself to be Fat when others say you are too thin?Would you say that Food dominates your life? Next Steps If You Answered Yes to 2 or More Questions If you answered yes to two or more of the questions above, you should make an appointment for an assessment with an eating disorder professional, such as a therapist, dietitian, or physician. A professional can determine if you do, indeed, suffer from anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, or other eating disorder. Once you have been diagnosed, a professional can also help you begin treatment by determining what level of care would be appropriate for you, as well as helping you build a treatment team. If you didnt answer yes to two or more of the questions but you believe you may have a problem anyway or someone else is concerned about your eating or exercise behavior, you still should seek help, since the SCOFF questionnaire may not pick up all eating disorders. It is also common for many people with eating disorders do not believe they are ill. You may still be struggling with body-image concerns or an obsession with healthy eating, in which case treatment may help you. How to Find Professional Help This can be difficult, and you may want to find someone close to you who can help you locate the right professionals, make phone calls for you, and maybe even go with you to appointments. This support person can be anyone whom you trust to share what you are struggling with, including a family member, a close friend, a teacher or a member of the clergy. It takes courage to seek treatment, but recognizing that you have a problem and realizing you need help are critical first steps to your treatment and recovery from your eating disorder. Find Help With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Its not always easy to find professionals who specialize in treating eating disorders. If youre having trouble locating someone, try asking your family physician, obstetrician/gynecologist, a school counselor, a teacher, a clergy member, or a nurse. You may also have friends or family members who could recommend a therapist or psychiatrist to you. Fortunately, therapists often refer to each other. Therefore, if your initial contact is with a therapist who doesnt specialize in eating disorders, that person likely can provide you with the name of someone who does.   You may also want to explore self-help options for bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder. You can reach out to the National Eating Disorders Association for additional support. They provide a  toll-free confidential hotline (800-931-2237) that  is staffed daily by trained volunteers who provide information, support, and referrals to treatment. They also  offer 24/7 crisis support via text (send NEDA to 741741

Why Teachers Should Understand ADHD Essays - 2015 Words

Why Teachers Should Understand Attention Deficit Disorder/Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder What is Attention Deficit Disorder/Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder [ADD/ADHD]? Some feel it is a neurobiological disorder while others say it is a learning disorder. Ever since 1980 when the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders officially recognized ADD/ADHD as a behavior disorder, the definition has kept evolving and changing. But ADD/ADHD has been around a lot longer than twenty-three years. Some in the medical professions believe â€Å"ADHD is a common mental disorder and has been recognized in one form or another for over a century† (Conners and Jett, 1999, p. 3). Teacher oriented literature leans toward†¦show more content†¦The final three can be described as the behaviors that are the result of the first five symptoms. Statistics show that â€Å"80% of ADD children will not show their ADD symptoms in a doctors office† (Phelan, 1996, p. 51). Who does that leave to make the initial suggestion that a child might have ADD/ADHD? The c hild’s parents and the child’s teachers. The focus of this paper will be on the child’s teachers. According to the latest data from the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, almost 1.6 million children or seven percent of six through eleven year olds nationwide are currently diagnosed ADHD (Special Education Report, 2003, p. 6). Furthermore, all statistics show that ADD/ADHD is the most commonly diagnosed disorder of this age group. That usually means that there will be at least one ADD/ADHD child for every twenty students in a general education classroom. (Phelan, 1996, p. 139) This makes it imperative that teachers are knowledgeable about not only the symptoms, but also the different methods of treatment. Given that ADD/ADHD has no clear-cut definition or diagnostic tests, this then places an enormous responsibility on teachers. 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Police Discretion And The Control Mechanisms - 2646 Words

Police discretion is a highly debated topic among many different groups, not only in the United States but internationally. It is imperative to understand police discretion, and the various control mechanisms available such as internal control mechanisms, external control mechanisms, control by the citizens, legislative control, and control by the courts. Each control mechanism plays a vital role in how officers of the law handle various situations. Not only do these mechanisms control police discretion they also provide a form of checks and balances to make sure the officers are policing humanly and not violating constitutional rights. While some controls within each mechanism may be repetitive they each have significant influences over the use of police discretion and the validity of an officers belief that they made the best judgment call. Police discretion: Police discretion commonly is used in crimes such as domestic violence, traffic violations, and potential hate crimes or crimes involving an individual who is mentally ill. While, police officers have been trained in many different scenarios it is impossible to determine what situation may arise. â€Å"The degree to which police officers are free to make discretionary decisions plays a role in defining crime control and due process models of the criminal justice system† (Abdullah, 2011.) It would be easy if there were only two types of crimes in the world, than police would not be forced to actually make any decisions onShow MoreRelatedPolice Brutality And Modern Law Enforcement1635 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to describe the problem of police brutality in modern law enforcement. Despite all of the advancements in contemporary policing, there are still flaws in the system. 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Ethical Dilemmas of an Attorney Free Essays

Ethical Dilemma’s of an Attorney Gina Boldt ADJ 235 March 22, 2013 John Ellison Ethical Dilemma’s of an Attorney The three major ethical dilemmas faced by a defense attorney are client perjury, delivery of physical evidence and the disclosure of prior convictions (Boldt, 2013). They are bound to provide thieir client with courage and devotion (Pollock, 2012, 2010). This dilemma, at times, tries the attorneys personal morals and ethics, though, once again, the protection of the defendant overrules all. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Dilemmas of an Attorney or any similar topic only for you Order Now They must also refrain from taking any case that presents a conflict of interest with said client. Though there are times that plea bargaining is in the best interest of the defendant, this process can be misused as a conveinence, this would be an example of ethical conflict. In order to provide such a fierce and devoted defense, the attorney must not engage is such practices as pergury and corruption to aid a positive outcome for their client. Many of these obligations are quite similar and relate to both a prosecuting and defense attorney, such as confidentiality, attorney-client privelage, the handling of evidence and the responsibility of maintaining the safety of others. The ethical obligations of a prosecuting attorney is to seek truth and justice, However, this singular responsibility insures several ethical burdens. The duties of this position are to indict as many criminals as possible and maintain justice within our system. With this responsibility comes many opportunities to step into the unethical realm of practice in order to secure prosecution. The obligation of this profession, once again, can test an individuals strength and inner morals. The key is to maintian honesty and intergrity and to set aside all personal beliefs, though this may not be the easiest, it is the only way to ensure justice. How to cite Ethical Dilemmas of an Attorney, Essay examples

Endangered Species of New York Essay Example For Students

Endangered Species of New York Essay What exactly does the term endangered species denote? There can be numerous definitions that correctly describe the term. It is any plant or animal whose survival is in jeopardy of becoming extinct. Extinction, of course, is when the species no longer exists, and there is no way it can be brought back to this earth. In most cases, the cause of this displeasing calamity is generally human-related. As more time goes on, more species are in peril of becoming extinct. The rate at which they are being lost is startling, even when compared with the catastrophe of the extinction of the dinosaurs approximately 70 million years ago. Nobody knows exactly what the current extinction rate is, but according to leading scientists it is around 1,000 to 10,000 times greater than normal. The rate of extinction seems to keep escalating as time passes as well. Everywhere you go there are hundreds of species at risk of becoming extinct. They are threatened in every habitat of every continent. Freshwater habitats, especially rivers and lakes, are severely affected by species extinction because of the lackadaisical dumping of hazardous wastes. Now you might ask yourself, why are so many animals vanishing off the face of this earth? Well, there are several different causes for the extinction of hundreds of endangered species. As I already stated, the majority of this lies on the shoulders of the disgraceful, careless measures taken by the human race. Hunting is one of the main reasons for animals in the wild becoming extinct. The animals are sought after for food, for their skin, and in some cases, even their bones. Water pollution and air pollution take part in big roles in extinction as well. Regrettably, there is little one can do about air pollution. No matter where you set out, the air is crammed with smoke and detrimental gases. As far as water pollution goes, much can be done to prevent it. People need to discontinue their carelessness and actually observe what they are doing for a change. There should be no reason for toxic wastes to be discarded into a body of water. In addition, forest fires, once again caused by carelessness, are destroying animals habitats. Their homes are also being destroyed as an outcome of deforestation, which is the removing of trees in a certain region. The amount of forest space is devastatingly diminishing. People apparently believe that an animals life does not matter, as long as they obtain the satisfaction of constructing more houses and developments. While there are hundreds of endangered species throughout the world, there are also quite a few right here in New York. Here is a short list of just some of the ill-fated animals in danger of losing their existence: E= EndangeredT= ThreatenedP= Proposed Common NameScientific NameStatusDistribution Eagle, baldHaliaeetus leucocephalusEEntire state Falcon, American peregrineFalco peregrinus anatumEEntire state re-establishment to former breeding range in progress Plover, pipingCharadrius melodusETGreat Lakes WatershedRemainder of coastal New York Tern, roseateSterna dougallii dougalliiESouthern coastal portions of state Common NameScientific NameStatusDistribution Bat, IndianaMyotis sodalisEEntire state Cougar, easternFelis concolor couguarEEntire state probably extinct Whale, blue*Balaenoptera musculusEOceanic Whale, finback*Balaenoptera physalusEOceanic This information is from the U.S. Department of the Interior, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 5-4/12/95. Unfortunately, that does not cover each and every one of the endangered animals that reside in New York. There is roughly 30-40 endangered species in New York, and the number is rising as we speak. Even though it is not exposed in the diagram above, the largest category of endangered species in New York is the mollusks. In addition to this list is a large number of endangered fish and insects as well. .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2 , .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2 .postImageUrl , .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2 , .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2:hover , .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2:visited , .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2:active { border:0!important; } .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2:active , .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2 .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Career Goals As A Nurse Educator Essay One of the more familiar animals known to man which despondently happens to be endangered in New York is the Bald Eagle, also known as the Haliaeetus Leucocephalus. Its status in New York, as well as its federal status, is said to be threatened. Before the 19th century, there were approximately 80 nesting sites that were used by the bald eagle. They were more often than not positioned in northern and western New York. Bald eagles prefer quiet areas where there is a plethora of water to offer them their main diet, fish. One of the many reasons .

Management of Personnel from Different Ethnic and Cultural Backgrounds

Management of Personnel from Different Ethnic and Cultural Backgrounds Different cultures have varying perspectives. Some perspectives and attributes can affect the operations and performances of an organization (Kossek, Lobel, Brown, 2006, p.58). For example, some cultural practices and attributes can dictate what to do and what not to do. Companies should focus on managing this diversity in people for the betterment of giving a good value to the operations of the company (Aghazadeh, 2004, p.522).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Management of Personnel from Different Ethnic and Cultural Backgrounds specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Anca and Vazquez (2007, p. 13), companies should focus on identifying dominant as well as rising values in the people. These values should be enhanced for the betterment of maintaining cohesiveness. This cohesiveness in workplace is vital for organizational performance. Hospitality industry provides a perfect means of effective management of div ersity in workplace. This is because this industry attracts employees from diverse backgrounds (Maxwell, McDougall, Blair, 2000, p. 368). This is as opposed to regional companies whose workplace staff is likely to be from one region. Hotels and restaurants are most visible in hospitality industries. The paper looks at ways and means of managing workplace diversity in an international hotel. There are some difficulties that are associated with management of workplace diversity, especially diversity based on culture (Child, 1993, p.10). There also exist a number of benefits accrued out of management of workplace diversity. This paper discusses a number of benefits that are attached to management of workplace cultural diversity in a hotel. Management of this diversity can optimize user experience (Maxwell, McDougall, Blair, 2000, p.369). It is possible to facilitate exchanges of cultures among people in an organization. Management of this diversity can help in identifying as well as removing barriers associated with equal opportunities. Workplace diversity can enhance team performance and operations of the organization when it is managed well. It can encourage the employees to enhance their talents and provide an opportunity for managers to retain the talents (Kossek, Lobel, Brown, 2006). Holden (2002, p. 95) writes that management of cultural diversity in workplace is the same as managing innovative knowledge. People in the organization have different talents, the same way they have different cultural perspectives. Management of talent ensures that performance of organizational operations is enhanced. In countries such as China, cultural influences on performance are huge (Holden, 2002, p. 158).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are some means of managing this workplace diversity in the organization. Phillip (2006, p. 36) lists some of m eans as enhancing a psychological contract, enhancing personal motivations, giving referrals to the employees and building employment relationships plus confidence in employees. This paper specifically analyzes management of recruitments and utilizations of people and personnel from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. A typical international hotel has people from the whole world visiting and spending some nights in it. For this therefore, the kind of employees in the organization to serve these people must be well trained. They must be thinking on the same line so as not to cause confusion to the visitors. The cultures of these people must be enhanced and given an organizational outlook. This is where cultures belonging to the employees are directed to have similarity with organizational policy (Mwaura, Sutton, Roberts, 1998, p.215). There are however various difficulties that come with various practices of managing workplace diversity. Management of workplace diversity in a n international hotel Diversity in cultures in a hotel is a major factor. According to Deresky (2002, p. 34), management of diversity in culture in an international hotel or restaurant provides a classic example of international human resource management. The same way an organization can put measures of managing people from different countries is the same way an organization can manage people of varying cultural and religious backgrounds (Grà ¶schl, 2011, p.226). Two most popular areas of management of diversity are in recruitments and utilizing people from different backgrounds. Recruitment as an area of management of diversity Recruitment in an organization is a way of adding human resource in the organization. It helps the company add to potentiality of performing in the competitive market. For an international hotel, recruitment is a way of adding human resource and knowledge in the company to manage visitors in the hotel/restaurant (Grà ¶schl, 2011, p. 230). Recruitment is cr itical and should be done with utmost care. The company has a choice to either put people of homogenous backgrounds or people of diverse cultural backgrounds (Ward Kennedy, 1992). A well thought out recruitment process is capable of putting committed employees in the organization. Committed employees would put a working staff that is loyal to the management.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Management of Personnel from Different Ethnic and Cultural Backgrounds specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Healey (2002, p. 22), management of diversity is a crucial way of managing cohesiveness in an organization. This cohesiveness helps in removing some common barriers that come with organizational management (Iverson, 2000, p.8). A workforce that does not operate from one front is capable of developing some conflicts. These conflicts can affect the performance of the organization. For an international hotel, group co nflicts can alter how people and especially visitors value the organization. This cohesiveness and elimination of group conflicts can only be done if the recruitment process is fair and well balanced. Strategies of managing cultural diversity in recruitment for competitive advantage External recruitment for cultural diversity Price (2005, p. 570) qualifies external recruitment as the best form of recruitment in managing diversity. In a study involving 29 heads of departments in a health care provision center, use of external recruitment method was noted as the best. External recruitment is pitted against getting employees from relatives and friends of organizational employees (Jeremy, 2004, p.159). Price (2005, p. 570) notes that 21 of the participants supported this kind of recruitment on the basis that it will give fair representation in terms of cultural and religious diversity. Soliciting workforce amongst members of the workforce would mean that the kind of cultures in the empl oyees would be increased. In a hospitality industry, getting people outside makes the organization have a pool of cultures. Competitive advantage comes when a pool of talents is brought into the organization through different cultures in the organization (Iverson, 2000, p.8). Agency recruitment for cultural diversity Price (2005, p. 568) adds that external recruitment is largely carried out by agencies. The agencies carry out advertisements for available jobs and conduct interviews. Zanoni and Janssens (2007, p. 1386) write that agency recruitment is recognized as ideal form of recruitment. In study involving minority employees in the organization in terms of cultures, it was discovered that the use of agency recruitment goes for diversity in areas such as culture, religion and experience. This is opposed to using human resource department in the organization to get people.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such a case may prompt employing people who are favored by some people in the organization and so resulting to homogenous kind of organizational culture (Jeremy, 2004, p.160). Utilization of personnel from different backgrounds Cox and Blake (1999, p. 53) write that there are some positive and negative issues that come with taking people from varying cultural backgrounds. However, it is recognized that utilizing people from varying cultural backgrounds is beneficial for enhancing balanced organizational performance (Cox and Blake, 1999, p. 53). It has become a trend in international management especially in considering people from different countries. Utilization of people from diverse cultural backgrounds is a way of management of competition in the company. This is because with diverse people, there are diverse talents (Cox and Blake, 1999, p. 45). The contemporary globalization trends, especially the business trends are making organizational managers turn to differences in cultur al backgrounds in the organization. Utilizing people who come from different backgrounds is beneficial because it makes the organization have a fair image among its publics. Wetherell (2008, p. 46) adds on this and writes that an organization that is full of homogenous people in terms of cultural backgrounds maintains the status quo. However, an organization that utilizes people of different backgrounds is capable of improving in performances. This is because there would be multiple talents carried by people of different backgrounds. Strategies of utilizing people of diverse cultural backgrounds Selective training opportunities for competitive advantage Lau (2006, p. 300) uses the example of preferential trainings for parents in hospitals by use of cultural adaptations. Some training is more adapted to particular cultures than others. In a hospitality organization, some communities or cultures are more suited to some professions than others. Lau (2006, p. 300) notes that adaptabilit y is not the same in various cultures. For example, there are some communities known for customer service while others are known for manual operations. This is good for gaining a competitive niche. Some people would be used for capturing the market in some ways or means while other communities would be used for other ways. However, all trainings should be evidences from parent training. John Wiley publication , 13(4), 295-310. Maxwell, G, McDougall, M, Blair, S. (2000) Managing diversity in the hotel sector: the emergence of a service quality opportunity. Managing Service Quality , 10(6), 367-73. Morden, T. (1995) National culture and culture of organizations. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management , 2(2), 3-12. Mwaura, G, Sutton, J, Roberts, D. (1998) Corporate and national culture an irreconcilable dilemma for the hospitality manager? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 10(6),212-220. Philip, G. (1996) Managing workforce diversity a respo nse to skill shortages? Journal of Health Manpower Management , 22 (6), 34 -37. Price, E. (2005) The role of cultural diversity climate in recruitment, promotion, and retention of faculty in academic medicine. Journal of general internal medicine , 20(7), 565-571. Ralston, F. (1995) Hidden Dynamics: How Emotions Affect Business Performance and How You Can Harness Their Power for Positive Results. New York, NY, American Management Association. Schein, E. (1980) Organizational Psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall. Umans, T. (2009) Research angels on cultural diversity in top management teams. Journal of problems and perspectives in management , 7(1), 90-101. Uwaje, A. (2009) Culture shock, Re-Integration and Re-Entry culture shock Managing Cultural, from Munich Business School. Web. Ward, C, Kennedy, A. (1992) Locus of control, mood disturbance and social difficulty during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 16(2),175-94. Wethere ll, M. (2008) Identity, Ethnicity, Diversity and Community Cohesion. Singapore, Sage Publications. Zanoni, P, Janssens, M. (2007) Minority employees engaging with (diversity) management: An analysis of control, agency, and micro-emancipation. Journal of management studies , 44(8), 1371-1397.

The Dash Familys Roles

The Dash Familys Roles The Dash Familys Roles The Dash Familys Roles By Mark Nichol The en dash is the oft-neglected middle sibling of the horizontal-line family of symbols that serve to connect words and numbers for various reasons. The em dash (- ) is the dashing member of the brood, used somewhat sparingly to indicate a sudden break in syntax- either to signal a shift in sentence construction, as here, or joining with a twin to frame a parenthetical word or phrase (just as a pair of commas would be used in the midst of a sentence or two parentheses would be employed anywhere). The smallest, the hyphen (-), is the busiest, indicating connections between words, such as when the phrase â€Å"highest scoring† is hyphenated to signal its combined modification of the word that follows in the phrase â€Å"highest-scoring player† or to link two numbers in reference to a score or vote. The en dash (–), however, sometimes steps in to take the place of the hyphen: It is employed when an open compound is part of the phrasal adjective, signaling that the entire compound, not just the last word in the compound, is linked to the next word, as in â€Å"Civil War–era artifacts† (rather than â€Å"Civil War-era† or â€Å"Civil-War-era†) or â€Å"Los Angeles–to–San Francisco flight† (rather than in â€Å"Los Angeles-to-San Francisco flight† or â€Å"Los-Angeles-to-San-Francisco flight†). Note, however, that open compounds need not be proper nouns, as this quip about an advertising agency with a name consisting of a sequence of initials demonstrates: â€Å"This alphabet soup–named firm helps get clients on the gravy train.† If a hyphen were used in place of an en dash here, the reference would (confusingly) be to a soup-named agency of an alphabet nature. (Also, some publishers, presumably for aesthetic reasons, employ en dashes in place of em dashes.) The other major function of an en dash, by the way, is to replace to to indicate a number range, as in â€Å"Answer quiz questions 1–10.† (Remember that because scores are not number ranges, a hyphen is the correct symbol for linking two totals.) In both types of usage, a hyphen is often erroneously employed in place of an en dash (though for the sake of simplicity, some publications, especially newspapers, deliberately avoid use of the en dash). Also, note that although both hyphens and en dashes are employed as minus signs, the minus sign is technically a distinct symbol that in formal publishing is set using a distinct code. In informal usage, an en dash, more equivalent in size to plus and equal signs than a hyphen, is preferable. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should KnowEmpathy "With" or Empathy "For"?45 Idioms About the Number One