An Analysis Of A Thousand Splendid Suns English Literature Essay

An Analysis Of A Thousand Splendid Suns English Literature Essay At that point, Mariam didn't comprehend. She didn't have the foggiest idea what the word harami-knave implied. Nor was she mature enough to value the bad form, to see that it is the makers of the harami who are blamable, not the harami, whos just sin is being conceived. Mariam surmised, by the way Nana gave the signal, that it was a revolting, terrible thing to be a harami, similar to a bug, similar to the hastening cockroaches Nana was continually reviling and clearing out of the kolba. (P.) As I read this section, it clarified the defective mother-little girl relationship held among Nana and Mariam. While I was perusing this entry, I anticipated that paying little mind to what occurs, this relationship will wind up in selling out and dread. What mother or watchman would consider her kid a jerk, something totally out of their control and choice? Mariam neither picked nor concluded that she would be an ill-conceived infant or a mishap. Nanas weakness is clear as she attempts to put the oppressive blame and outrage she has in her own little girl. Despite the fact that Nana may cherish Mariam, her inability to convey a mindful feature of her character will at last, as I would like to think, cause the disappointment of a caring relationship. Youre apprehensive, Nana, she may have said. Youre apprehensive that I may discover the bliss you never had. Also, you dont need me to be glad. You dont need a decent life for me. Youre the one with the pitiful heart. Pg. 27 (C.) Throughout our lives, we regularly fuel our disdain toward our folks or watchmen as a result of numbness, disillusionment, or bombed desires. In our youth, we neglect to perceive how much guardians penance for us. We make statements we lament out of disappointment and outrage. Much like Mariam, I have likewise questioned my folks goals, and how hopeless they were making my life. As I developed I understood numerous things lost to my folks by settling on the decision to have kids: opportunity, responsibility to occupations, time. It would appear to be ludicrous to have kids, yet the possibility that they may give the unmatched unqualified love discovered no place else is a worthwhile motivation. When Mariam left Nanas side, it was a physical relinquishment as well as a passionate one. Nana may have been cold and insensitive, yet the adoration and care she offered Mariam were unparalleled. You go on and cry, Mariam jo. Go on. There is no disgrace in it. Yet, recollect, my young lady, what the Koran says, Blessed is He in Whose hand is the realm, and He Who has control over all things, Who made demise and life that He may attempt you. The Koran talks reality, my young lady. Behind each preliminary and each distress that He makes us shoulder, God has an explanation. Yet, Mariam couldn't hear comfort in Gods words. Not that day. Not at that point. Everything she could hear was Nana saying, Ill kick the bucket on the off chance that you go. Sick simply bite the dust. Everything she could do was cry and cry and let her tears fall on the spotted, paper-slender skin of MullaFaiuzullahs hands. Pg. 36 (E.) Mariam experiences an extraordinary change in this entry. This underlying clash goes about as an establishment for a progression of entanglements that result, dynamically wrecking the little security Mariam has after this lamentable experience. Through each enthusiastic injury Mariam experiences, she becomes more grounded. Her persona portrays a solid, autonomous individual, clear from the earliest starting point of the novel where she frequently questions authority and dreams of a splendid future with war, neediness, and passing drifting peacefully in the zone around her. Mariam had so transparently strolled into Jalils void blessings with high expectations, abandoning the main love she would get in this world. Therefore, as reality set in, Mariams trust is squashed: she is undesirable, alone, and blame ridden.Hosseini appears to think about the interminable pattern of expectation and squashed dreams, like that of genuine Afghan ladies mistreated by misogynist guidelines. Mariam thought of Jalil, of the compassionate, jolly manner by which hed pushed his gems at her, the overwhelming gladness that left space for no reaction however accommodating appreciation. Nana had been directly about Jalils blessings. They had been indifferent tokens of compensation; crafty, degenerate signals implied more for his own submission than hers. This wrap, Mariam saw, was a genuine blessing. Pg. 68 (Q.) Gifts are consistently important to me whether it is for self-submission or appreciation. I don't grasp why Mariam would think any less of Jalils blessing than Rasheeds. While Jalil was limited by blame, Rasheed excessively was limited by marriage and love. The two presents through Mariams viewpoint would be devious. Each blessing has an explanation, for what reason would Jalils be an exemption. A similar way Jalil attempted to purchase Mariams absolution through these endowments, Rasheed was attempting to get her affection. Despite the fact that Rasheeds deed appears to be nobler, in my point of view they are generally the equivalent. Mariam is by all accounts trying to claim ignorance about Jalils character and job as a dad. As depicted in the section, she attempts to correct her motivations to loathe him by discovering deficiency in his blessings and different things. Mariam lay on the lounge chair, hands tucked between her knees, watched the whirlpool of snow curving and turning outside the window. She recalled Nana saying once that every snowflake was a murmur hurled by an oppressed lady some place on the planet. That all the moans floated up the sky, assembled into mists, at that point broke into small pieces that fell quietly on the individuals beneath. As a token of how ladies life us endure, shed say. How discreetly we persevere through such falls upon us. Pg. 82 (P.) Throughout the book, Nanas rigid words appear to be insistent as the books all inclusive subject. Mariams life starts to be the ideal meaning of continuance, and the peruser in the long run perceives how she develops to be a carbon copy of Nana. In the entry, Mariam quickly recalls encounters with Nana following her passing. The way Hosseini decided to especially note female battles and preference foretells the up and coming fate of misuse Mariam before long results. Another piece of information of anticipating is found in the repercussions of Nanas words, particularly continuance, which impacts Mariam incredibly as she regularly relates Nana with it. It was Gods flaw, for provoking her as He had. For not giving her what He had conceded such huge numbers of other ladies. For dangling before her, tantalizingly, what He knew would have her thegreatest joy, at that point pulling it away. Pg. 84 (E.) Mariam, in her condition of shortcoming, appears to require some consolation that there is reason or flaw behind her premature delivery. She feels the unbarring need to legitimize why her satisfaction had so effectively been stripped away. Allegations were lecturing in her mind, until in the end she arrived at the resolution that Allah had been dependable. The way Hosseini makes Mariam question her own religion genuinely represents the degree of the situation, where she would venture to scrutinize her own confidence. This entry additionally depicts the frantic idea of Mariam. She accepts that salvation can be found in the infant that had sneaked away; Rasheed would be fulfilled and she would be conceded the benefit of being a mother. Her pinnacle of security disintegrates with this as her security and certainty lingers away alongside the child. I know youre still youthful, however I need you to comprehend and get familiar with this now, he said. Marriage can pause, instruction can't. Youre an incredibly, brilliant young lady. Really, you are. You can be anything you need, Laila. I know this about you. Furthermore, I likewise realize that when this war is finished, Afghanistan is going to require you as much as its men, possibly more. Since a general public gets no opportunity of progress if its ladies are uneducated, Laila. Zero chance. Pg. 103 (R.) Hosseini gives astounding knowledge of a postmodern Afghan family with this entry. In spite of the fact that Laila is a juvenile at that point, her dads convictions demonstrate to impact the numerous choices for an amazing duration. As the plot advances we see Laila develop into a solid, drove forward lady with the defense of her dads yearnings. Hosseini splendidly starts this flashback to differentiate the robustness of misogynist perspectives depicted by Mariams life, to give as an encouraging sign that one day soon instruction will be the central factor of intensity instead of sexual orientation. An offspring of the insurgency and the Soviet intrusion, this entry hints a splendid future by describing Laila through this discourse. Hosseini encourages his motivation past the plot to move perusers to tote an eventual fate of instruction. Indeed, even in current society, sexism is as yet a tyrannical factor that keeps on attacking the security of ladies all over the place. Notwit hstanding the antediluvian setting where A Thousand Splendid Suns happens, Hosseini embodies how expectation despite everything exists not just from ladies in the midst of female abuse. At times Laila asked why Mammy had even tried having her. Individuals, she accepted now, shouldnt be permitted to have new youngsters if theyd effectively parted with all their affection to their old ones. It wasnt reasonable. A mad outburst asserted her. Laila went to her room, crumbled on her bed. At the point when the most exceedingly terrible, all things considered, had passed, she went over the passage to Mammys entryway and thumped. At the point when she was more youthful, Laila used to sit for a considerable length of time outside this entryway. She would tap on it and murmur Mammys name again and again, similar to an enchantment serenade intended to break a spell: Mammy, Mammy, Mammy, MammyBut Mammy never opened the entryway. She didnt open it now. Laila turned the handle and strolled in. Pg. 107 (E.) This entry shows a basic point in the novel. Much like Mariam, Lailas self-esteem had continually been devalued by Mammy, who neglected to satisfy the nurturing figure that she was to her children. Despite the fact that Laila was too youthful to even think about understanding, Mammy was frustrated by the past, waiting in recollections instead of the real world. The more Mammy keeps on lamenting about her two children, the further away she pushes Laila. The passionate injury Laila experienced is apparent from the entry. As Mammy turns out to be less and to a lesser extent a protective figure, Laila excessively turns out to be less and to a lesser extent a daughterly figure. I felt that all through Lailas youthful,

Internet Crimes Essay Example For Students

Web Crimes Essay The new control of figuring and the sciences that rely on it have driven the route in making space for womens investment on an equivalent premise. That was here and there valid for Grace Murray Hopper, and today is even more valid for ladies as a result of Hoppers work. Effortlessness Brewster Murray moved on from Vassar with a B.A. in arithmetic in 1928 and worked under algebraist Oystein Ore at Yale for her M.A. (1930) and Ph.D. (1934). She wedded Vincent Foster Hopper, a teacher, in 1930 and started showing arithmetic at Vassar in 1931. She had accomplished the position of partner teacher in 1941 when she won a workforce cooperation for learn at New York Universitys Courant Institute for Mathematics. Container had originated from a family with military customs, along these lines it was to be expected to anybody when she surrendered her Vassar post to join the Navy WAVES (Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service) in December 1943. She was appointed a lieutenant in July 1944 a nd answered to the Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project at Harvard University, where she was the third individual to join the exploration group of teacher (and Naval Reserve lieutenant) Howard H. Aiken. She reviewed that he welcomed her with the words, Where the damnation have you been? what's more, highlighted his electromechanical Mark I figuring machine, saying Here, register the coefficients of the bend digression arrangement by next Thursday. Container plunged in and figured out how to program the machine, assembling a 500-page Manual of Operations for the Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator in which she delineated the central working standards of registering machines. Before the finish of World War II in 1945, Hopper was chipping away at the Mark II variant of the machine. In spite of the fact that her marriage was broken up now, and however she had no youngsters, she didn't continue her original surname. Container was named to the Harvard staff as an exploration indivi dual, and in 1949 she joined the recently framed Eckert-Mauchly Corporation. Container never again held just each employment in turn. She remained related with Eckert-Mauchly and its replacements (Remington-Rand, Sperry-Rand, and Univac) until her official retirement in 1971. Her work took her to and fro among establishments in the military, private industry, business, and academe. In December 1983 she was elevated to commodore in a service at the White House. At the point when the post of commodore was converged with that of back chief of naval operations, after two years, she became Admiral Hopper. She was one of the main programming engineers and, in reality, one of the most sharp key futurists in the realm of figuring. Maybe her most popular commitment to figuring was the creation of the compiler, the middle of the road program that makes an interpretation of English language directions into the language of the objective PC. She did this, she stated, in light of the fact that sh e was languid and trusted that the software engineer may come back to being a mathematician. Her work typified or foreshadowed huge quantities of advancements that are currently the bones of computerized processing: subroutines, recipe interpretation, relative tending to, the connecting loader, code streamlining, and even emblematic control of the sort encapsulated in Mathematica and Maple. For an amazing duration, it was her support of her nation of which she was generally glad. Properly, Admiral Hopper was covered with full Naval distinctions at Arlington National Cemetery on January 7, 1992.Pursuing her conviction that PC projects could be written in English, Admiral container pushed ahead with the advancement for Univac of the B-O compiler, later known as FLOW-MATIC. It was intended to interpret a language that could be utilized for run of the mill business undertakings like programmed charging and finance estimation. Utilizing FLOW-MATIC, Admiral Hopper and her staff had the op tion to make the UNIVAC I and II comprehend twenty explanations in English. At the point when she suggested that a whole programming language be created utilizing English words, nonetheless, she was told rapidly that she couldnt do this since PCs didnt get English. It was three years before her thought was at long last acknowledged; she distributed her first compiler paper in 1952.Admiral Hopper effectively took part in the primary gatherings to define particulars for a typical business language. She was one of the two specialized guides to the subsequent CODASYL Executive Committee, and a few of her staff was individuals .u425ec6dbf429b46d6110bcf8836235bc , .u425ec6dbf429b46d6110bcf8836235bc .postImageUrl , .u425ec6dbf429b46d6110bcf8836235bc .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u425ec6dbf429b46d6110bcf8836235bc , .u425ec6dbf429b46d6110bcf8836235bc:hover , .u425ec6dbf429b46d6110bcf8836235bc:visited , .u425ec6dbf429b46d6110bcf8836235bc:active { border:0!important; } .u425ec6dbf429b46d6110bcf8836235bc .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u425ec6dbf429b46d6110bcf8836235bc { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u425ec6dbf429b46d6110bcf8836235bc:active , .u425ec6dbf429b46d6110bcf8836235bc:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u425ec6dbf429b46d6110bcf8836235bc .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u425ec6dbf429b46d6110bcf8836235bc .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .u425ec6dbf429b46d6110bcf8836235bc .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u425ec6dbf429b46d6110bcf8836235bc .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content embellishment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u425ec6dbf429b46d6110bcf8836235bc:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u425 ec6dbf429b46d6110bcf8836235bc .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u425ec6dbf429b46d6110bcf8836235bc-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u425ec6dbf429b46d6110bcf8836235bc:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Banghay Aralin Essay

The SCOFF Questionnaire to Screen for Eating Disorders

The SCOFF Questionnaire to Screen for Eating Disorders Eating Disorders Diagnosis Print The SCOFF Questionnaire Screens for Eating Disorders By Susan Cowden, MS facebook linkedin Susan Cowden is a licensed marriage and family therapist and a member of the Academy for Eating Disorders. Learn about our editorial policy Susan Cowden, MS Updated on December 13, 2019 Peerawat Kamklay / Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Diagnosis Symptoms Treatment Awareness and Prevention If you believe that thoughts about food, weight, and appearance may be taking up too much of your time, then you may be experiencing symptoms of an eating disorder, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, or other specified feeding and eating disorder. When you have an eating disorder, its important to seek help as fast as possible, since treatment  helps most when you get it quickly. While the following questionnaire, known as the SCOFF questionnaire, is not meant to act as a substitute for a professional diagnosis, it can be extremely helpful in identifying people who are very likely to suffer from anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa and should get help. It was devised to be used by non-professionals. What Is the SCOFF Questionnaire? The SCOFF questionnaire is a simple, five-question screening measure to assess the possible presence of an eating disorder. It was developed in the United Kingdom by Morgan and colleagues in 1999. The SCOFF questionnaire  utilizes an  acronym (Sick, Control, One, Fat, Food) which does not translate perfectly to other countries because of the reference to one stone, but the questions themselves are easily adapted to any culture. Answering yes to two or more of the following questions indicates a possible case of anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa or other eating disorder: Do you make yourself Sick because you feel uncomfortably full?Do you worry you have lost Control over how much you eat?Have you recently lost more than One stone [approximately fifteen pounds] in a 3 month period?Do you believe yourself to be Fat when others say you are too thin?Would you say that Food dominates your life? Next Steps If You Answered Yes to 2 or More Questions If you answered yes to two or more of the questions above, you should make an appointment for an assessment with an eating disorder professional, such as a therapist, dietitian, or physician. A professional can determine if you do, indeed, suffer from anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, or other eating disorder. Once you have been diagnosed, a professional can also help you begin treatment by determining what level of care would be appropriate for you, as well as helping you build a treatment team. If you didnt answer yes to two or more of the questions but you believe you may have a problem anyway or someone else is concerned about your eating or exercise behavior, you still should seek help, since the SCOFF questionnaire may not pick up all eating disorders. It is also common for many people with eating disorders do not believe they are ill. You may still be struggling with body-image concerns or an obsession with healthy eating, in which case treatment may help you. How to Find Professional Help This can be difficult, and you may want to find someone close to you who can help you locate the right professionals, make phone calls for you, and maybe even go with you to appointments. This support person can be anyone whom you trust to share what you are struggling with, including a family member, a close friend, a teacher or a member of the clergy. It takes courage to seek treatment, but recognizing that you have a problem and realizing you need help are critical first steps to your treatment and recovery from your eating disorder. Find Help With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Its not always easy to find professionals who specialize in treating eating disorders. If youre having trouble locating someone, try asking your family physician, obstetrician/gynecologist, a school counselor, a teacher, a clergy member, or a nurse. You may also have friends or family members who could recommend a therapist or psychiatrist to you. Fortunately, therapists often refer to each other. Therefore, if your initial contact is with a therapist who doesnt specialize in eating disorders, that person likely can provide you with the name of someone who does.   You may also want to explore self-help options for bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder. You can reach out to the National Eating Disorders Association for additional support. They provide a  toll-free confidential hotline (800-931-2237) that  is staffed daily by trained volunteers who provide information, support, and referrals to treatment. They also  offer 24/7 crisis support via text (send NEDA to 741741

Why Teachers Should Understand ADHD Essays - 2015 Words

Why Teachers Should Understand Attention Deficit Disorder/Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder What is Attention Deficit Disorder/Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder [ADD/ADHD]? Some feel it is a neurobiological disorder while others say it is a learning disorder. Ever since 1980 when the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders officially recognized ADD/ADHD as a behavior disorder, the definition has kept evolving and changing. But ADD/ADHD has been around a lot longer than twenty-three years. Some in the medical professions believe â€Å"ADHD is a common mental disorder and has been recognized in one form or another for over a century† (Conners and Jett, 1999, p. 3). Teacher oriented literature leans toward†¦show more content†¦The final three can be described as the behaviors that are the result of the first five symptoms. Statistics show that â€Å"80% of ADD children will not show their ADD symptoms in a doctors office† (Phelan, 1996, p. 51). Who does that leave to make the initial suggestion that a child might have ADD/ADHD? The c hild’s parents and the child’s teachers. The focus of this paper will be on the child’s teachers. According to the latest data from the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, almost 1.6 million children or seven percent of six through eleven year olds nationwide are currently diagnosed ADHD (Special Education Report, 2003, p. 6). Furthermore, all statistics show that ADD/ADHD is the most commonly diagnosed disorder of this age group. That usually means that there will be at least one ADD/ADHD child for every twenty students in a general education classroom. (Phelan, 1996, p. 139) This makes it imperative that teachers are knowledgeable about not only the symptoms, but also the different methods of treatment. Given that ADD/ADHD has no clear-cut definition or diagnostic tests, this then places an enormous responsibility on teachers. 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Police Discretion And The Control Mechanisms - 2646 Words

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Ethical Dilemmas of an Attorney Free Essays

Ethical Dilemma’s of an Attorney Gina Boldt ADJ 235 March 22, 2013 John Ellison Ethical Dilemma’s of an Attorney The three major ethical dilemmas faced by a defense attorney are client perjury, delivery of physical evidence and the disclosure of prior convictions (Boldt, 2013). They are bound to provide thieir client with courage and devotion (Pollock, 2012, 2010). This dilemma, at times, tries the attorneys personal morals and ethics, though, once again, the protection of the defendant overrules all. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Dilemmas of an Attorney or any similar topic only for you Order Now They must also refrain from taking any case that presents a conflict of interest with said client. Though there are times that plea bargaining is in the best interest of the defendant, this process can be misused as a conveinence, this would be an example of ethical conflict. In order to provide such a fierce and devoted defense, the attorney must not engage is such practices as pergury and corruption to aid a positive outcome for their client. Many of these obligations are quite similar and relate to both a prosecuting and defense attorney, such as confidentiality, attorney-client privelage, the handling of evidence and the responsibility of maintaining the safety of others. The ethical obligations of a prosecuting attorney is to seek truth and justice, However, this singular responsibility insures several ethical burdens. The duties of this position are to indict as many criminals as possible and maintain justice within our system. With this responsibility comes many opportunities to step into the unethical realm of practice in order to secure prosecution. The obligation of this profession, once again, can test an individuals strength and inner morals. The key is to maintian honesty and intergrity and to set aside all personal beliefs, though this may not be the easiest, it is the only way to ensure justice. How to cite Ethical Dilemmas of an Attorney, Essay examples

Endangered Species of New York Essay Example For Students

Endangered Species of New York Essay What exactly does the term endangered species denote? There can be numerous definitions that correctly describe the term. It is any plant or animal whose survival is in jeopardy of becoming extinct. Extinction, of course, is when the species no longer exists, and there is no way it can be brought back to this earth. In most cases, the cause of this displeasing calamity is generally human-related. As more time goes on, more species are in peril of becoming extinct. The rate at which they are being lost is startling, even when compared with the catastrophe of the extinction of the dinosaurs approximately 70 million years ago. Nobody knows exactly what the current extinction rate is, but according to leading scientists it is around 1,000 to 10,000 times greater than normal. The rate of extinction seems to keep escalating as time passes as well. Everywhere you go there are hundreds of species at risk of becoming extinct. They are threatened in every habitat of every continent. Freshwater habitats, especially rivers and lakes, are severely affected by species extinction because of the lackadaisical dumping of hazardous wastes. Now you might ask yourself, why are so many animals vanishing off the face of this earth? Well, there are several different causes for the extinction of hundreds of endangered species. As I already stated, the majority of this lies on the shoulders of the disgraceful, careless measures taken by the human race. Hunting is one of the main reasons for animals in the wild becoming extinct. The animals are sought after for food, for their skin, and in some cases, even their bones. Water pollution and air pollution take part in big roles in extinction as well. Regrettably, there is little one can do about air pollution. No matter where you set out, the air is crammed with smoke and detrimental gases. As far as water pollution goes, much can be done to prevent it. People need to discontinue their carelessness and actually observe what they are doing for a change. There should be no reason for toxic wastes to be discarded into a body of water. In addition, forest fires, once again caused by carelessness, are destroying animals habitats. Their homes are also being destroyed as an outcome of deforestation, which is the removing of trees in a certain region. The amount of forest space is devastatingly diminishing. People apparently believe that an animals life does not matter, as long as they obtain the satisfaction of constructing more houses and developments. While there are hundreds of endangered species throughout the world, there are also quite a few right here in New York. Here is a short list of just some of the ill-fated animals in danger of losing their existence: E= EndangeredT= ThreatenedP= Proposed Common NameScientific NameStatusDistribution Eagle, baldHaliaeetus leucocephalusEEntire state Falcon, American peregrineFalco peregrinus anatumEEntire state re-establishment to former breeding range in progress Plover, pipingCharadrius melodusETGreat Lakes WatershedRemainder of coastal New York Tern, roseateSterna dougallii dougalliiESouthern coastal portions of state Common NameScientific NameStatusDistribution Bat, IndianaMyotis sodalisEEntire state Cougar, easternFelis concolor couguarEEntire state probably extinct Whale, blue*Balaenoptera musculusEOceanic Whale, finback*Balaenoptera physalusEOceanic This information is from the U.S. Department of the Interior, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 5-4/12/95. Unfortunately, that does not cover each and every one of the endangered animals that reside in New York. There is roughly 30-40 endangered species in New York, and the number is rising as we speak. Even though it is not exposed in the diagram above, the largest category of endangered species in New York is the mollusks. In addition to this list is a large number of endangered fish and insects as well. .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2 , .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2 .postImageUrl , .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2 , .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2:hover , .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2:visited , .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2:active { border:0!important; } .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2:active , .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2 .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u090774f0f40b1d9665823465c75fe2f2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Career Goals As A Nurse Educator Essay One of the more familiar animals known to man which despondently happens to be endangered in New York is the Bald Eagle, also known as the Haliaeetus Leucocephalus. Its status in New York, as well as its federal status, is said to be threatened. Before the 19th century, there were approximately 80 nesting sites that were used by the bald eagle. They were more often than not positioned in northern and western New York. Bald eagles prefer quiet areas where there is a plethora of water to offer them their main diet, fish. One of the many reasons .

Management of Personnel from Different Ethnic and Cultural Backgrounds

Management of Personnel from Different Ethnic and Cultural Backgrounds Different cultures have varying perspectives. Some perspectives and attributes can affect the operations and performances of an organization (Kossek, Lobel, Brown, 2006, p.58). For example, some cultural practices and attributes can dictate what to do and what not to do. Companies should focus on managing this diversity in people for the betterment of giving a good value to the operations of the company (Aghazadeh, 2004, p.522).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Management of Personnel from Different Ethnic and Cultural Backgrounds specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Anca and Vazquez (2007, p. 13), companies should focus on identifying dominant as well as rising values in the people. These values should be enhanced for the betterment of maintaining cohesiveness. This cohesiveness in workplace is vital for organizational performance. Hospitality industry provides a perfect means of effective management of div ersity in workplace. This is because this industry attracts employees from diverse backgrounds (Maxwell, McDougall, Blair, 2000, p. 368). This is as opposed to regional companies whose workplace staff is likely to be from one region. Hotels and restaurants are most visible in hospitality industries. The paper looks at ways and means of managing workplace diversity in an international hotel. There are some difficulties that are associated with management of workplace diversity, especially diversity based on culture (Child, 1993, p.10). There also exist a number of benefits accrued out of management of workplace diversity. This paper discusses a number of benefits that are attached to management of workplace cultural diversity in a hotel. Management of this diversity can optimize user experience (Maxwell, McDougall, Blair, 2000, p.369). It is possible to facilitate exchanges of cultures among people in an organization. Management of this diversity can help in identifying as well as removing barriers associated with equal opportunities. Workplace diversity can enhance team performance and operations of the organization when it is managed well. It can encourage the employees to enhance their talents and provide an opportunity for managers to retain the talents (Kossek, Lobel, Brown, 2006). Holden (2002, p. 95) writes that management of cultural diversity in workplace is the same as managing innovative knowledge. People in the organization have different talents, the same way they have different cultural perspectives. Management of talent ensures that performance of organizational operations is enhanced. In countries such as China, cultural influences on performance are huge (Holden, 2002, p. 158).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are some means of managing this workplace diversity in the organization. Phillip (2006, p. 36) lists some of m eans as enhancing a psychological contract, enhancing personal motivations, giving referrals to the employees and building employment relationships plus confidence in employees. This paper specifically analyzes management of recruitments and utilizations of people and personnel from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. A typical international hotel has people from the whole world visiting and spending some nights in it. For this therefore, the kind of employees in the organization to serve these people must be well trained. They must be thinking on the same line so as not to cause confusion to the visitors. The cultures of these people must be enhanced and given an organizational outlook. This is where cultures belonging to the employees are directed to have similarity with organizational policy (Mwaura, Sutton, Roberts, 1998, p.215). There are however various difficulties that come with various practices of managing workplace diversity. Management of workplace diversity in a n international hotel Diversity in cultures in a hotel is a major factor. According to Deresky (2002, p. 34), management of diversity in culture in an international hotel or restaurant provides a classic example of international human resource management. The same way an organization can put measures of managing people from different countries is the same way an organization can manage people of varying cultural and religious backgrounds (Grà ¶schl, 2011, p.226). Two most popular areas of management of diversity are in recruitments and utilizing people from different backgrounds. Recruitment as an area of management of diversity Recruitment in an organization is a way of adding human resource in the organization. It helps the company add to potentiality of performing in the competitive market. For an international hotel, recruitment is a way of adding human resource and knowledge in the company to manage visitors in the hotel/restaurant (Grà ¶schl, 2011, p. 230). Recruitment is cr itical and should be done with utmost care. The company has a choice to either put people of homogenous backgrounds or people of diverse cultural backgrounds (Ward Kennedy, 1992). A well thought out recruitment process is capable of putting committed employees in the organization. Committed employees would put a working staff that is loyal to the management.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Management of Personnel from Different Ethnic and Cultural Backgrounds specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Healey (2002, p. 22), management of diversity is a crucial way of managing cohesiveness in an organization. This cohesiveness helps in removing some common barriers that come with organizational management (Iverson, 2000, p.8). A workforce that does not operate from one front is capable of developing some conflicts. These conflicts can affect the performance of the organization. For an international hotel, group co nflicts can alter how people and especially visitors value the organization. This cohesiveness and elimination of group conflicts can only be done if the recruitment process is fair and well balanced. Strategies of managing cultural diversity in recruitment for competitive advantage External recruitment for cultural diversity Price (2005, p. 570) qualifies external recruitment as the best form of recruitment in managing diversity. In a study involving 29 heads of departments in a health care provision center, use of external recruitment method was noted as the best. External recruitment is pitted against getting employees from relatives and friends of organizational employees (Jeremy, 2004, p.159). Price (2005, p. 570) notes that 21 of the participants supported this kind of recruitment on the basis that it will give fair representation in terms of cultural and religious diversity. Soliciting workforce amongst members of the workforce would mean that the kind of cultures in the empl oyees would be increased. In a hospitality industry, getting people outside makes the organization have a pool of cultures. Competitive advantage comes when a pool of talents is brought into the organization through different cultures in the organization (Iverson, 2000, p.8). Agency recruitment for cultural diversity Price (2005, p. 568) adds that external recruitment is largely carried out by agencies. The agencies carry out advertisements for available jobs and conduct interviews. Zanoni and Janssens (2007, p. 1386) write that agency recruitment is recognized as ideal form of recruitment. In study involving minority employees in the organization in terms of cultures, it was discovered that the use of agency recruitment goes for diversity in areas such as culture, religion and experience. This is opposed to using human resource department in the organization to get people.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such a case may prompt employing people who are favored by some people in the organization and so resulting to homogenous kind of organizational culture (Jeremy, 2004, p.160). Utilization of personnel from different backgrounds Cox and Blake (1999, p. 53) write that there are some positive and negative issues that come with taking people from varying cultural backgrounds. However, it is recognized that utilizing people from varying cultural backgrounds is beneficial for enhancing balanced organizational performance (Cox and Blake, 1999, p. 53). It has become a trend in international management especially in considering people from different countries. Utilization of people from diverse cultural backgrounds is a way of management of competition in the company. This is because with diverse people, there are diverse talents (Cox and Blake, 1999, p. 45). The contemporary globalization trends, especially the business trends are making organizational managers turn to differences in cultur al backgrounds in the organization. Utilizing people who come from different backgrounds is beneficial because it makes the organization have a fair image among its publics. Wetherell (2008, p. 46) adds on this and writes that an organization that is full of homogenous people in terms of cultural backgrounds maintains the status quo. However, an organization that utilizes people of different backgrounds is capable of improving in performances. This is because there would be multiple talents carried by people of different backgrounds. Strategies of utilizing people of diverse cultural backgrounds Selective training opportunities for competitive advantage Lau (2006, p. 300) uses the example of preferential trainings for parents in hospitals by use of cultural adaptations. Some training is more adapted to particular cultures than others. In a hospitality organization, some communities or cultures are more suited to some professions than others. Lau (2006, p. 300) notes that adaptabilit y is not the same in various cultures. For example, there are some communities known for customer service while others are known for manual operations. This is good for gaining a competitive niche. Some people would be used for capturing the market in some ways or means while other communities would be used for other ways. However, all trainings should be evidences from parent training. John Wiley publication , 13(4), 295-310. Maxwell, G, McDougall, M, Blair, S. (2000) Managing diversity in the hotel sector: the emergence of a service quality opportunity. Managing Service Quality , 10(6), 367-73. Morden, T. (1995) National culture and culture of organizations. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management , 2(2), 3-12. Mwaura, G, Sutton, J, Roberts, D. (1998) Corporate and national culture an irreconcilable dilemma for the hospitality manager? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 10(6),212-220. Philip, G. (1996) Managing workforce diversity a respo nse to skill shortages? Journal of Health Manpower Management , 22 (6), 34 -37. Price, E. (2005) The role of cultural diversity climate in recruitment, promotion, and retention of faculty in academic medicine. Journal of general internal medicine , 20(7), 565-571. Ralston, F. (1995) Hidden Dynamics: How Emotions Affect Business Performance and How You Can Harness Their Power for Positive Results. New York, NY, American Management Association. Schein, E. (1980) Organizational Psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall. Umans, T. (2009) Research angels on cultural diversity in top management teams. Journal of problems and perspectives in management , 7(1), 90-101. Uwaje, A. (2009) Culture shock, Re-Integration and Re-Entry culture shock Managing Cultural, from Munich Business School. Web. Ward, C, Kennedy, A. (1992) Locus of control, mood disturbance and social difficulty during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 16(2),175-94. Wethere ll, M. (2008) Identity, Ethnicity, Diversity and Community Cohesion. Singapore, Sage Publications. Zanoni, P, Janssens, M. (2007) Minority employees engaging with (diversity) management: An analysis of control, agency, and micro-emancipation. Journal of management studies , 44(8), 1371-1397.

The Dash Familys Roles

The Dash Familys Roles The Dash Familys Roles The Dash Familys Roles By Mark Nichol The en dash is the oft-neglected middle sibling of the horizontal-line family of symbols that serve to connect words and numbers for various reasons. The em dash (- ) is the dashing member of the brood, used somewhat sparingly to indicate a sudden break in syntax- either to signal a shift in sentence construction, as here, or joining with a twin to frame a parenthetical word or phrase (just as a pair of commas would be used in the midst of a sentence or two parentheses would be employed anywhere). The smallest, the hyphen (-), is the busiest, indicating connections between words, such as when the phrase â€Å"highest scoring† is hyphenated to signal its combined modification of the word that follows in the phrase â€Å"highest-scoring player† or to link two numbers in reference to a score or vote. The en dash (–), however, sometimes steps in to take the place of the hyphen: It is employed when an open compound is part of the phrasal adjective, signaling that the entire compound, not just the last word in the compound, is linked to the next word, as in â€Å"Civil War–era artifacts† (rather than â€Å"Civil War-era† or â€Å"Civil-War-era†) or â€Å"Los Angeles–to–San Francisco flight† (rather than in â€Å"Los Angeles-to-San Francisco flight† or â€Å"Los-Angeles-to-San-Francisco flight†). Note, however, that open compounds need not be proper nouns, as this quip about an advertising agency with a name consisting of a sequence of initials demonstrates: â€Å"This alphabet soup–named firm helps get clients on the gravy train.† If a hyphen were used in place of an en dash here, the reference would (confusingly) be to a soup-named agency of an alphabet nature. (Also, some publishers, presumably for aesthetic reasons, employ en dashes in place of em dashes.) The other major function of an en dash, by the way, is to replace to to indicate a number range, as in â€Å"Answer quiz questions 1–10.† (Remember that because scores are not number ranges, a hyphen is the correct symbol for linking two totals.) In both types of usage, a hyphen is often erroneously employed in place of an en dash (though for the sake of simplicity, some publications, especially newspapers, deliberately avoid use of the en dash). Also, note that although both hyphens and en dashes are employed as minus signs, the minus sign is technically a distinct symbol that in formal publishing is set using a distinct code. In informal usage, an en dash, more equivalent in size to plus and equal signs than a hyphen, is preferable. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should KnowEmpathy "With" or Empathy "For"?45 Idioms About the Number One

Endangered Species Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Endangered Species - Research Paper Example The present crisis of endangered species is distinctive in that the failure of biodiversity is happening rapidly, and the main cause of the catastrophe is the activities of human beings. Some scholars such as Henry David Thoreau, Aldo Leopold and Elisabet Sahtouris believe that the current crisis persists because of lack of ethical responsibility and failure to connect with the environment in the part of humans (Benson and Rob 188). One of the most endangered species that are facing extinction is the rhino species found in Africa and Asia. The Rhino population in the two continents is roughly 29,000 surviving in the world. This is a massive difference from the population of rhinos at the beginning of the 20th century standing at 500,000 rhinos. For instance, in Africa there are 20,000 white rhinos and 4,880 black rhinos. In Asia, however, the statistics are more alarming as there are only 2,850 great one-horned rhinos, 200 Sumatran rhino and 50 Javan rhino. There are only seven north ern white rhinos living in the world (Rhino Info n.d). With then rhino, facing distinction in the future is inevitable that governments form laws that protect this endangered specie from human hunters who kill them for their horns, as well as meat. The illegal rhino horn hunt has been the biggest human activity that has led to a drastic decline of the rhino species instigated by the illegal rhino horn trade, political conflict, as well as habitat loss. The rhino is mostly valued for production of Chinese medicine and poaching is the greatest menace facing rhino today. The horns are also used to construct ornamental handles for stiletto in Yemen one of the main markets of the rhino horns from Africa (Rhino Info n.d). In some areas, where normal law and order has collapsed mostly in war zones, and where political instability exists, poachers have found it easier to kill the rhinos, thus endangering them as well as other species. For example, poaching of rhino has been ascending in DRC , Nepal and Zimbabwe due to political conflicts (Rhino Info n.d). The basic issue in environmental ethics is whether there can be a non-anthropocentric environmental ethic, which is a foundation for right ant and wrong activities concerning the environment, which is not based exclusively in human fears. Most people claim that ethics is only based on anthropocentric environment. According to Benson and Rob (188) environmental ethics involves animal rights theories and biocentrism theories as well as egocentric theories. This entails that sentient animals, individual living things and conservation systems have moral standings respectfully. Leopold held that most ecological problems were because of ignorance, and understood that his own his own capability to recognize how environment works were the consequence long education and observation. However, in the current contemporary world, where environmental education and policies are protecting biodiversity ignorance has no room. It is ir responsible for instance, to cut down trees from indigenous forests, which are at, risk of extinction for logs, yet there are alternative means of producing similar tools without having to render tree populations extinct (Bagheera n.d). Leopold grew in a culture where concealed land ownership was part of the dream of America. However, this caused

Aer Lingus Products and Target Market Segments Essay

Aer Lingus Products and Target Market Segments - Essay Example Aer Lingus is one of the reputable fleet carrier companies in Ireland. With the low cost model and one way fares, Aer Lingus brand has become most talked about brand in fleet services. On October 22, 2006, Aer Lingus entered into a new phage of business as it realized nearly 400 million Euros through Irish and London Stock Exchange. Most of the Aer Lingus passenger revenue will be generated from its website www.aerlingue.com. As per the latest records, nearly 81 percent of total passenger revenue was generated from the website. The effective marketing strategies for products as well as services help company to achieve great heights. With the low cost air fleet charges, Aer Lingus has become a competitor for Ryan air. Aer Lingus has celebrated its 75th birthday in May 2001. With 1,215 million revenues in 2010, Aer Lingus is planning to push forward with wide range of products and services in the market. 2009 was a difficult year for Aer Lingus as it witnessed nearly 93 million Euros loss. To turnaround the company, Aer Lingus has come up with several strategies such as better matching of capacity to demand, connectivity improvements with in the network as well as partner’s network and partnerships.... 2009 was a difficult year for Aer Lingus as it witnessed nearly 93 million Euros loss. To turnaround the company, Aer Lingus has come up with several strategies such as better matching of capacity to demand, connectivity improvements with in the network as well as partner’s network and partnerships. Aer Lingus products are considered to be the cheaper products when compared to its competitor’s products. Though, companies like Ryanair offer much cheaper products than Aer Lingus, the customers would love to travel by Aer Lingus because of great service. Aer Lingus offers both Cabin Services as well as Auxiliary services. Cabin Services include a two class business and economy service on long-haul routes and a single class economy service for all short-haul routes. Auxiliary Services include In-flight sales merchandise, car rental sales, hotel accommodations and commission from online currency conversion. Literature Review According to Philip Kotler, Marketing is the proce ss of offering suitable product to customer. Everything comes to one equation; right product at right place at right price to the right customer (Philip Kotler). Marketing has become one of the most focused areas for any company in the world. Be it is a small scale internet based company or a large scale manufacturing company; without proper marketing, the survival would be a big question mark. According to Neil Borden, marketing department of any company should primarily focus on 4Ps. They are Price, Product, Promotion and Place. The 4Ps are also called as Marketing Mix (Neil Borden 1953). 4P mix is majorly used when you are trying to market a product, which customers can touch and feel. When focusing on the services, the marketing mix would be changed slightly. It

Housing Development And Policies In Malaysia Economics Essay

Housing Development And Policies In Malaysia Economics Essay There are many of studies that have been done to study the problems faced by middle income group to own a house in Shah Alam, Selangor. For this study the researcher is focusing more on the middle income group that have encounter difficulties in owning their own house based on several reasons that we have gathered throughout this study. This literature review is focused on understanding of Housing Development and Policies in Malaysia, Affordability issues, Housing Provision by Public and Private sectors, Housing Price, Insufficient Housing Allocations, the act of cheating to buy a house , House Location, and Insufficient Income. All these issues are particularly related with our research study, which is to identify the factor of why middle income group are having difficulties in owning their own house. 2.1 Housing Development and Policies in Malaysia. The housing policy involves a number of complex issues nowadays. Malaysia is a country that has multi-cultural society with 3 basic racial-religious groups. Therefore, the housing industry has to take into consideration all these aspect in the development of national housing and planning. The housing and residential pattern has been noticeable due to their economic activities of these 3 different ethnic groups (Tan, 2011). For example, in the past Chinese has been dominated business industry and they lives in town area. Meanwhile, Malay people were complacent with agriculture activities and living in rural areas while Indian people are doing estate work located in rubber and palm oil estate. In order to get rid of these unbalance in term of economic of these 3 ethnic group, the government has come out with one solution by introducing New Economic Policy (NEP) in year 1970 to change the stereotype. The reason why NEP was introduced to foster national unity and nation-building through the eradication of poverty, irrespective of race, and the restructuring of society to eliminate the identification of race with economic function and geographic location (EPU, 2011). Malaysian government has encouraged Malay people to migrate to urban centres as part of NEP strategy to create a new Malay commercial community in urban area (Tan, 2011). However, due to the increase rate of Malay people migrates to urban areas in 1980s, the demand for affordable housing also shows a significant demand growth. But a severe shortage in affordable housing has arisen. Generally, there are 2 alternative for the state to assist their citizen in housing provision and one of them is allocating housing specifically to households those are unable to provide themselves in the general market and another one is to intervene in the functioning of the general market in order to make it more likely to fulfil the housing needs of all households (Aziz, et,al, 2010). Thus, in the efforts to reduce housin g problem for Malaysian citizen especially those low income groups, the government has formulated housing policies and programs to ensure that all have the access to adequate housing. The main objective of housing policy in most countries was once simply to build more houses. This was response to a lack of market-driven supply on a situation of socially perceived large scale housing need (Tan,2011). A part from that, the introduction and the forming of housing policies for a country have another aims, from another scope, pointed by Ismail Omar (2000) and Harvey (1987), such as: a. To achieve the optimum used of present resources. b. To make sure the public can owned a house. c. Gives guild line on new location. d. To make sure special group of public can owned home such as elderly citizen. e. Steering the state and local authorities to provide fair housing distribution. A National Housing Policy (NHP) is needed to provide the direction and basis for the planning and development of the housing sector by all relevant ministries, departments and agencies at the federal, state and local levels as well as the private sector. Thus, according to Tan, 2011, among the early housing policy made by Malaysian government is to introduce:- First Malaysian Plan (1966-1970) and Second Malaysian Plan (1971-1975): Variety of programs designs to promote welfare of all Malaysian regardless of ethnic background by providing improved housing, community facilities, welfare and other services. Third Malaysian Plan (1976-1980): To eradicate poverty and restructure the society Fourth Malaysian Plan (1981-1985): The continuation of previous policy Fifth Malaysian Plan (1986-1990): Housing programs are being implemented in the context of human settlement concept. Here, the social facilities is emphasised rather than the provision of basic infrastructural facilities. Sixth Malaysian Plan (1991-1995): Home owning within various income group is emphasize. Seventh Malaysian Plan (1996-2000): introduction of low-medium cost housing. According to Residential Property Stock Report, the house price can be categorize into low-cost housing (below RM42,000), low-medium cost housing (RM 42,000-RM 60,000), medium cost housing (RM 60,001-Rm 100,000) and high-cost housing (RM 100,001). Eight Malaysian Plan: Priority is continue to be given to the development of low-and low-medium cost houses. Private and public sector were cooperating with each other to meet housing demand. Ninth Malaysian Plan (2006-2010): ensure low and low-medium income group will have the access to adequate, quality and affordable housing. Tenth Malaysia Plan (2011-2015): the government targeted to build 78,000 units of affordable homes throughout the country to meet the needs of the various groups, and   another 38,942 units of PPR will be built particularly the low-income groups and the resettlement of squatters. If we go back into the previous year, the governments priority is towards the low-income level group of people. Many programs and project has been launched to help them to sustain living and bring them up to from the poor state. However, no specific policies are stipulated to uphold the need and demand of middle income group. Trapped between the low cost and high cost housing, the middle income group need are not yet being uphold by the government in which they are in a situation that they can afford to buy a house but it is only provided for the low-income group but they are also in a hard situation to compete in high-cost housing According to Housing and Local Government Minister Datuk Seri Chor Chee Heung, he said that the housing needs of the middle-income group made up about 40% of the population of the people and are in need to be addressed urgently. 2.2 Housing Provision by Public and Private sectors. In Malaysia, housing development and activities are subject to approval from higher authority from the relevant state and federal authorities except for individual or group housing (Tan,2011). Land conversion, preparation for layout plan, building and infrastructure plans, planning of infrastructure and assessment on environmental impact with involvement of many government agencies, both at federal and local level are those processes that housing companies must go through before starts doing housing project for the benefit of people at large. Among those government department or agencies that requiring approval before housing project can be successfully implemented and build are Land and Mines department, the land offices, Local Authorities, the Survey department, Telekom Malaysia, Tenaga Nasional, the Water Work department and Town and Country Planning department. In addition to the research made by Tan (2011), all housing development project must follow all instruction stated in th e national housing policy that has been regulated to uphold the right and helps people to own a house such as Bumiputera quota, housing control prices, and standard build-up location for low-cost housing, and provision of public amenities for residential housing projects. The public sector plays roles in providing adequate and fulfilling the housing needs by allocating and providing public housing for lower income group and household and has been put as one of the countrys priority since the Five Years National plans and the example can be seen in the establishment of Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA), Federal land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority (FELCRA), and Johore Tenggaraa Developemtent Boar (KEJORA). A part from that, they also are responsible in providing public houses in urban areas through the establishment of various government and urban development agencies. However, by depending only on public sector, make it hard for the government to fulfil the highe r demand on housing provision for Malaysian citizen. Thus, the government need private sector to help them to provide more housing developments for the public. In order for the private company to engage in the build of housing, they must first obtain the license, sales and advertising permits from the land and Mines Department, District Land Office, Town and Country Planning Department and from local authorities and utility agencies who own the responsibility towards national water, electricity, road and telecommunication supplies. 2.3 Affordability issues. Affordability is always the main issues being highlight by most people who did not have the opportunity to buy their own house. Since housing industry is an important factor in Malaysian industry, the health of housing market is very important and directly gives impact to the affordability of household to own a house. It was argued that the word affordability is basically based on the economic factor of the household itself and the second one is based on the financing of the social rented sector (Aziz, et, al, 2010). Between these 2, the former is proven to have a strong impact by the housing policy. This rising issues regarding affordability problems in owning a house can be considered as one of the most controversial issues within developed or developing countries (Nguyen, 2005). Affordability cannot be described as simple as it seems because different people might perceived different meaning of the word itself. Several attempts also have been tried in order to understand how and w hy affordability problem are existed. These problems have been continuing year by year, it is now becoming the major concern among political leaders, town planners and the government (Hashim, 2010). Due to that rising issues, a precise measures has to be made to ensure all type of household especially those middle income group are able to enjoy and fulfilling their life-long investment and also the need for shelter. The affordability in a narrow concept can also be perceived as related to household incomes, housing cost, housing availability, employment, maintenance of the existing affordable housing stock and the pattern of new construction (Aziz, et, al, 2010). Some measures has been taken in order to give housing assistance to the needy especially to those lower income group and income below median whom were the recipient of social security payments to improve their housing affordability such as Projek Perumahan Rakyat Termiskin or PPRT. However, there were an increasing issues r ising among middle income group whom were not included under the housing assistance provided by the government. They were left alone without assistance and they have to make hard choice either to live in or stay in a house affordable with their income but way too far from their office and they have to bear higher transportation cost or living in a house near town and pay higher rent or high housing price. Therefore, as the result they have to bear with 2 kind of difficulties here that involve high housing cost or high transportation cost. These spiralling housing issues especially happens in major cities has caused the unaffordability to own a house for middle income class group. Affordability problems can be viewed as operating at different levels, ranging from narrower direct experience of severe problem of poverty and homelessness, through an intermediate level of risk, to a broader problem of access to market (Aziz, et, al, 2010). The best meaning of affordable housing would be well defined as housing that was intended to meet the need of those group of people who earned income that are not sufficient to allow them to access appropriate housing market without any assistance. A complete definition of affordability of housing for middle income group were made by DR Wan Nor Azriyati Wan Abd Aziz, et, al through their research saying that the housing with payment no greater than 33% of their gross household income. Finding an affordable house has been the current major concern especially those who live in most major cities or town in Malaysia where many of them are having difficulties are having trouble to buy a house. With new exploding centres such as new townships, commercial hubs, industrial parks and office complexes result in increased number in working population. And with that increase in population in major cities and town areas, the shortage of affordable housing is now becoming more acute. Continuous efforts also has been done to ensure that Malaysi an of all income levels will have the opportunity to have access to adequate, quality, and affordable homes, particularly for the lower income group (Ninth Plan 2020, 2006-2010). However, those who are not included in low income group are having difficulties in having one just like we discover in the Kuala lumpur Structure Plan 2020 (CHKL, 2004) that does not include low medium/ medium cost housing category in the projection of houses unit to be built by year 2020. Although we realize that government has undertaken many housing plan to help middle income household group, but, specific policies has not yet been clearly stated. Only a little assistance and focus is done to attend the needs of middle income group. That is why those group were still facing their hard times searching for a house that suit with their household income here in Malaysia. 2.4 Housing Prices The housing price at several states in Malaysia has experienced a major expansion for the past seventeen year. According to Hashim (2010), the house pricing that keep on continuing to increase year by year are influenced by location, nations income, cost of capital, stock prices and also the population change. As we grow in the era of globalization, the world has been changing so fast. As the population are increasing, the demand for an affordable price also increased. Since housing is the most basic necessity for people, its increase in price however, would directly give impacts towards the affordability of the nation at large especially in Malaysia nowadays which are in need of more suitable and affordable housing. Increasing housing price for the past few years are making it hard for them to own a house suitable with their household income. Generally, housing price is influenced by region given the geographic size and location of the state in Malaysia. Due to the differences in be tween each states economic disparity, the house price and household income will extremely influenced the level of housing affordability. Aside from that, the need for affordable homes has increased significantly due to Selangors rising population density, which is the highest in Malaysia. The states population growth rate of 3.17% surpasses the national average of 2.17%. It has 5,411,324 of residents. If immigrants were added into account, their population might be almost seven million. This has become a challenge for the state to provide for the peoples needs due to the vast expansion of population, including housing, as they estimated about 1.8 million houses are needed to meet the needs of the people as they approach 2020. According to Hashim (2010), Selangor which indicates among the most developed state in Malaysia have a high housing price as compared to other less developed states like Kelantan. According to him, at the national level, Selangor house price on average is 35% t o 53% higher in between 1995 to 2006. Based on the study made in Selangor, the 480-sqaure feet studio apartment located in the outskirt of town which was located in Seri Kembangan, cost more than RM 230,000 excluding other maintenance charges. This huge hike in price, even though only just a small house has affected local people, especially the middle income household which made up the majority of the population. With the huge cost of housing, many of the low and middle income are forced to purchase their house out-of-town since they are not afford to pay high price in the urban area. As a result, they have to bear other problems which they have to spend more on transportation such as fuel or public transportation cost because it was quite far from their workplace. The reason why the price are keep on increasing is because there is no limitation made by the government to control the housing price since they are only have the power to decide which location for them to build houses. T he housing price is on the responsibility of the developer itself but depending on land price at that time. However, according to State Executive Councillor, Mr Iskandar Samad, they have trying to control the location where the developer wants to build affordable houses for the middle income group. This is how the state government trying to fight back for the particular income group because without the assistance, middle income group will never afford to compete and purchase in buying their own affordable house. 2.5 Insufficient Housing Allocations Housing is one of the basic necessities as shelter for human and the government is enthusiastic in ensuring the public would have a better access towards a better and affordable housing provision. Generally, houses supplied by the private sector have been sufficient for the high-income group. However, the house allocations for the needy group of middle income are still insufficient to meet the high demand of the ever growing population. The insufficient in allocation for this particular group would be caused by 2 factors, which are the issue of land provision by government and the refusal for the developer to build affordable house in the centre of the city (Free Malaysia Today, 2011). The government has all time, put the highest priority to give benefits to the public in which to build in mixed development, rather than building affordable house for them in the outskirts of town. However, with the inadequate land allocated for the housing to build by the developer, the need to build more houses for the middle income cannot be made into reality. There is not enough land left to build affordable house in the cities. This is because, according to the building laws, the  state only has the powers to compel a developer  to build low-cost and medium-cost housing if the  plot of land earmarked for development measures  10 acres or more (Free Malaysia Today, 2011). According to the law, developers will have to  allocate 20 % for low cost housing, another  20 % for low to medium, 10 % for  medium housing and the other 50 % for  others. However, affordable housing is still being built outside town due to the inadequate and unavailability of land bigger than 10 acres there. According to Jabatan Perumahan Negara (2011), with five acres of land in the city, building low  or medium-cost housing would mean a loss for  developers and in turn purchasers will suffer because  contractors will be told to use substandard  materials to cut costs. If they were to follow what the government suggest, which is by selling house at a lower and affordable rate but with high cost in constructing it, developers will end up making losses and stop building house in the cities. With this major issue, the state also worried that developer might end up using cheaper materials and probably hiring unskilful worker to prevent them from making losses. Thus, the housing construction does not meeting the accurate requirement made by the government and public would be suffered from buying a house with no quality and they would have to buy or lease house far from their workplace. Thus, these insufficient allocations of affordable housing for middle income household in the cities can be considered as a major issues nowadays and have to be solved by government to uphold and to assist this group to have better access to a spacious, comfortable, yet affordable housing according to their income level. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHOD 3.0 Introduction In this part of research method, it consist of a report that explains all the procedures followed in the process of gathering data necessary for the analysis to meet our research objectives. Besides that, research method also tells the researcher how the study was carried out and also determines the outcomes of the study. 3.1 Research Design. Our study was gather information that done to examine the problem faced by the middle income group to own a house in Shah Alam. The best approach to gather data directly for this study is by selecting randomly people especially the household lives in the busy city of Shah Alam. In this research, the questionnaires have been used in gathering the data related. We have decided to distribute the questionnaires to our respondents personally in our research since it helps and enable us to get more reliable and accurate information. The purpose of this study is hypothesis testing. We want determine what is the reason or problem of difficulty faced by middle income group to own a house in Shah Alam. Other than that, we also use and add-on secondary data in our research to make it more complete in order to gather information such as journal, internet source and newspaper article. 3.2 Unit of Analysis As this study wanted to identify the reason or problem of difficulty faced by middle income group to own a house in Shah Alam, thus, Unit of analysis refers to the respondent of this study. In the research, the unit of analysis consists of those people lives in Shah Alam and among working people. In our research area, we will aim for target respondents at Shah Alam especially in Seksyen 2 and 7. 3.3 Sample Size Sample size is defined as the number of elements to be included in the study (Malhotra, 1999). In determining the sample size for our study, we have calculated the number of observation by referring to table formulated by Sudman (1970). Given the whole population, the suggested sample size was approximately 150. However the actual sample that was collected ended up with amounted to only 100 usable responses. Thus, the sample size of our research study is 100 amounted to persons. The reason why we did this by choosing only 100 respondents is because the end result will be more accurate, easy to monitor and to make it easier for researcher to do their job. In this research, we distributed 100 questionnaires to the household in Shah Alam area randomly especially in Seksyen 2 and Seksyen 7. These 100 respondents had represented the household to answer the question from the researcher. We, as the researcher are going to distribute the questionnaires at the area of our target group which i s in Shah Alam. 3.4 Sampling Techniques. Sampling refers to the process of selecting a sufficient number of elements from the population. Therefore, a study of the sample and understanding of its properties of characteristics is done and would make it possible for researchers to generalize such characteristics to the population elements (Sekaran, 2004). Then, after we successfully get to identify the target population, the appropriate sampling will be selected. The sampling technique that we, as the researchers will use in this research is called convenience sampling technique. Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher. Convenience sampling was used when true random sampling is essential. This is where the researcher approach and ask questions to anyone who is available. This method is quick and cheap. The convenience sampling is also known as unrestricted probability sampling which refers to anyone and equal chance of being selected as a subject. We have already decided to distribute 100 questionnaires to the household lives in Shah Alam especially those who lives in Seksyen 2 and Seksyen 7. In the forms of research, it would be ideal to test the entire population, but in this case, the population is too large to include every individual. This is the reason why we rely on sampling technique like convenience sampling, the most common of all technique. 3.5 Measurement / Instrumentation The research instrument that was used in this study for the primary data is done by using questionnaire. The questionnaire was written in both languages which are English and Bahasa Malaysia and was used in order to get the related data regarding the problem faced by middle income group to own a house in Shah Alam. The questionnaire has been given to the selected respondent and they answered the questionnaire personally. The questions were divided into five sections which are Section A: Respondent Profile, Section B: categorization of middle income group, Section C: household preferences, Section D: existing house, Section E: problem of difficulty to own a house, and the last section is Section F: affordability issues. The rationale in designing these questions was to explore views and perceptions of middle income group households towards current affordability and to determine the accessibility of the group to affordable housing. Table 3.1: Measurement / Instrumentation No Objectives Concepts/construct Measurement 1 To determine the significance relationship between house price and household affordability. Employee performance is the job related activities expected of a worker and how well those activities were executed (businessdictionary, 2012). Likert Scale 1-Strongly Disagree 2-Disagree 3-Neutral 4- Agree 5-Strongly Agree 2 To determine the significance relationship between housing allocation and household affordability. Counter layout is an arrangement or a plan, especially the schematic arrangement of parts or areas. (fredictionary, 2012). Likert Scale 1-Strongly Disagree 2-Disagree 3-Neutral 4- Agree 5-Strongly Agree 3 To determine the significance relationship between attitude of household buyer and household affordability. Services quality can be defined as the consumers judgment about an entitys overall excellent or superiority (Zeithaml, 1987, Garvin, 1983 Hjorth Anderson, 1994) define services quality as a form of attitude, related but not equivalent to satisfaction, and results from a comparison of expectations with perceptions of performance. Likert Scale 1-Strongly Disagree 2-Disagree 3-Neutral 4- Agree 5-Strongly Agree 4. To determine the significance relationship between house location buyer and household affordability. Services quality can be defined as the consumers judgment about an entitys overall excellent or superiority (Zeithaml, 1987, Garvin, 1983 Hjorth Anderson, 1994) define services quality as a form of attitude, related but not equivalent to satisfaction, and results from a comparison of expectations with perceptions of performance. Likert Scale 1-Strongly Disagree 2-Disagree 3-Neutral 4- Agree 5-Strongly Agree 5. To determine the significance relationship between household income and household affordability. Services quality can be defined as the consumers judgment about an entitys overall excellent or superiority (Zeithaml, 1987, Garvin, 1983 Hjorth Anderson, 1994) define services quality as a form of attitude, related but not equivalent to satisfaction, and results from a comparison of expectations with perceptions of performance. Likert Scale 1-Strongly Disagree 2-Disagree 3-Neutral 4- Agree 5-Strongly Agree 6. To determine the most significant problems that contributes to the level of household affordability towards household lives in Shah Alam. Customer satisfaction can be defined as a state of mind in which the customers needs, wants, and expectations throughout the product of service life haven been met or exceeded, resulting in future repurchase and loyalty (Anton, 1996). Likert Scale 1-Strongly Disagree 2-Disagree 3-Neutral 4- Agree 5-Strongly Agree 3.6 Data Collection In this study, there are numerous and varieties source of data that can help in gathering suitable information. Some of these methods depend on the methodology and the theoretical assumptions used inthe research. There a trend for researcher to collect hard objective numbers for example primary data and secondary data. 3.6.1 Primary Data Primary data are data gathered and assembled specially for the research project hand. Usually primary data was collected by the researcher. The method that will be used under primary data is questionnare. This data is collected when secondary data is not sufficient and depends largely on the research objectives and varies from one problem to another. For this study, the primary data will be obtained through qustionnaires given to the target respondents. A questionnaire will distribute to the respondents such as the household lives in Shah Alam, Selangor. After they have answered the entire question, it will be collected and the data will go through several process. The data that have been collected will be sorted, coded, entry, testing, presenting and lastly the data will be analyzed. The data for this survey can be use as information in making research. A part from that, we also will be doing direct interview with the person related and have a major knowledge in the housing arena to get more reliable knowledge regarding affordability of housing in Shah Alam. 3.6.2 Secondary Data Secondary data or historical data are data previously collected and assembled for some project other than one at hand. Its gathered and recorded by someone else prior to the current needs of the researcher. Its quickly and cheaply. The method that we used under secondary data was article and journal. The information that gathered from these resources which can be online searching such as Official website of Kementerian Perumahan Kerajaan Tempatan, New Straits Times, The Malay Mail, Berita Harian, Utusan Malaysia and so on. It helps the reserachers to get information and data while doing this study. Another type is from online searching through internet that will provide a lots of information from journals, annual reports, thesis, previous reseacrh and etc. It is more economical and simple for the researcher to conduct her research. 3.7 Data analysis For this study, we used Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 16.0 version software to analyze data. SPSS is a computer program used for statistical analysis. Most of the researcher use SPSS software as a tool to analyze the data. In this research report, the researcher transform the raw data that we obtained from the questionaire into SPSS. Then, the researcher proceed to discuss the result of the analysis and interpretation. For this study, methods used are reliability analysis, descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Reli