Theology :: essays research papers

How does Christ demonstrate he would remain sacramentally present to the residential district in the ritual of the Last Supper? At the Last Supper, which is also known as the sacred meal Jesus spoke to his disciples with the outmost amount of trust. He let them know through his words that he would be a part or one with them through anything. He actually said to them he would remain in their adult male lives no matter what. This meant that Jesus would be with them whether he was alive or dead. These disciples were his twelve closest friends. Sacred meals, expressive of the human relationship to the devine, form a part of the ritual practice of many religions they share a sacred meal with God as a sign of their toleration by him through the sacrificial act (Paul Bradshaw. Early Christian Worship, A basic introduction to ideas and practice, The Liturgical Press, 1996, p.38). This quote shows the significance of the Last Supper. It was at this sentence that Jesus made a impact on the se disciples for eternity. The disciples truly learned at this final meal that the Lord Jesus was and forever will be the chosen one.While they were eating, Jesus took a loaf of bread, and after(prenominal) blessing it he broke it, gave it to the disciples, and said, Take, eat this is my body. Then he took a cup, and after giving thanks he gave it to them, saying Drink from it, all of you for this is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins. I tell you, I will never again drink of this fruit of the vine until that day when I drink it new with you in my Fathers Kingdom. (The New Oxford Annotated Bible, New Revised Standard adjustment with the Apocrypha, New York, 1973, Matthew 2626-28).By saying these words, and making the actions that Jesus made, we see that the disciples will forever recall the life and death of Jesus, as well as all of Jesus achievements.Passover relates to the Last Supper through what can be called a Passover celebratio n. When celebrating Passover we remember Christs passing over the Israelites houses. When celebrating it is the berakoth, or the head of the folk that actually leads the ritual. There is actually steps that occur while celebrating the Passover. Bread is handeled, then a small blessing is said before the bread is broken.

Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire :: A Streetcar Named Desire Literature Essays

Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named DesireThe play, A street car named desire was written by an author namedTennessee Williams. His real name was doubting Thomas Lanier. He assumed thename Tennessee in 1938 because he said, the Williams fought theIndians for Tennessee. Tennessee was born on March 26th 1911 inColumbus Mississippi. When he was a teenager he realised the life of ayoung writer was going to be something similar to the defence of thestockade against a band of peasants. A description aware ofBlanches battles with Stanley in the street car named desire is whatTennessee was trying to refer to his own life.The play was set in New Orleans which is named Elysian Fields and runs in the midst of the L&N tracks and the river. Elysian Fields is quite a poorand run down area but unlike most other American cities, it has araffish charm. The houses mostly have a white frame, have a weatheredgrey colour with rickety outside stairsIn scene 1-3 it is all about Blanche getting used to Ne w Orleans. Shefinds it difficult to like and fit in because it is much different towhere she lived before (Belle Reve). This is because Belle Reve was ain truth upper-class area where as New Orleans is more average, run downand has a mixed community.Blanche doesnt like New Orleans or where Stella is living. She isvery snobbish and thinks it is a dump. I thought you would never comeback to this horrible place. this shows that Blanche does not approveof, or likes where Stella is living. Blanche is also implying that sheis more headmaster by the way she is talking. I didnt mean to say that I meant to be nice about it and say Oh. this shows that Blanche knows it is a horrible place, but she didntwant to be rude, so she was meant to say Oh to make it sound as ifshe likes the place that Stella and Stanley are living in.In scene 2 Stanley starts demonstrating his dislikes for Blanche. Hedoes this because he thinks Blanche sold Belle Reve and kept the moneyfor herself. I think you have been swindled.In scene 2 there is an argument between Stanley and Blanche aboutBelle Reve. Stanley is angry because he wants proof on paper thatBelle Reve was not sold by Blanche for herself. Blanche ends up winingthe argument by proving Stanley wrong about Belle Reve, that it wasinfact lost and not sold by Blanche.

The American Civil War :: American History

The American Civil WarThe incident that began the Civil War involved the gather up for the surrender of Fort Sumter, in Charleston, South Carolina. On April 11, 1861, Brigadier General Pierre G. T. Beauregard requested that the fort be surrendered. The federal commander, Major Robert Anderson, refused. On April 12, 1861, overlord George S. James fired the first shot of the war from a Confederate artillery battery. Artillery exchanges continued through April 13, when terms of capitulation were finally concur to. The fort was evacuated by steamer on April 14. The following day Lincoln issued a proclamation calling for 75,000 militia to serve for ninety days to put option down combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary mechanism of government. The Civil War had begun. (Schroeder, 2005)The proclamation by Lincoln served to polarize the hitherto uncommitted states into action. Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee severed their ties with the Union, unwilli ng to supply troops to fight against their sister Southern states. The border states of Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky, while providing soldiers to both armies, were kept under Federal control. (Basler, 2005)The numbers did not look good for the newly created Confederacy. Eleven states had left the Union twenty-two remained. The population of the Confederate states was about nine million, al some trinity of who were slaves. The Union states could count twenty-two million individuals and had a steady stream of immigrants. The South had only two main east-west railroad lines and limited ability to manufacturing locomotives or rolling stock. Most of the known deposits of coal, iron ore and copper were in the North, together with about 92% of the countrys industrial capacity. The Navy remained loyal to the Union and most of the merchant shipping was Northern-owned. If the South was to achieve victory, it would be against long odds. (Nofi, 2001)Albert Sidney Johnston, who was regarde d by many as the Souths finest general, arrived to take command of the Western Department in mid-September, 1861. He could hardly have been pleased with the situation he found. He counted only 20,000 troops, most raw and ill-equipped, between the Appalachian Mountains to the east and the Mississippi River. In the Trans-Mississippi Theater, scorn a Confederate victory at Wilsons Creek, Missouri on August 10, 1861, Southern Generals terms and McCulloch exhibited a lack of cooperation which only vaguely suggested they were on the aforesaid(prenominal) side. (Flachmeier, 2005)To correct these shortcomings, General Johnston immediately appealed for more troops and appointed Major General Earl Van Dorn as the ranking general over both Price and McCulloch as the new year of 1862 rolled in.

Heart of Darkness in Relation to its Title Essays -- essays research p

The Parallel meaning of the novella with its title- Heart of DarknessThe title, Heart of Darkness, aptly chosen, can be very strongly linked to the novel. IT can be used to describe Joseph Conrads views on civilization, the individual mind and the land into which he ventures. These sum up his opinions on the bourgeoise society, uncivilized society and the faults of human nature, linking them to the land under one common theme and thus establishing the title.Heart of Darkness can most observably describe Marlows journey into the heart of the land. A dominant symbol in the novel is of the river- the snake- But there was in it one river especially, a aright big river, that you could see on the map, resembling an immense snake uncoiled with its head to the sea, its body at rest curving afar over a considerable country, and its tail lost in the depths of a land (71). This river brings him into what has become a coloured place- It had ceased to be a blank space of delightful mystery- a flannel patch for a boy to dream gloriously over. It had become a place of darkness (71). As in snakes and ladders, you start at the head and go towards the tail. This leads him into evil (snake symbolism), danger (uncoiled), and deeper towards Kurtz, whom the snake has swallowed towards the tail. As he travels along, just as the snakes body grows thinner, so do the tolerance levels of those who think they are civilized. First Fresleven clubs a black village chief, then a brawl breaks out, and this progresses to all-out insanity, where cannibals, primitives, Inca-like natives and, eventually, Kurtz, reside, where he loses any control he had of his life, doing anything for more ivory, and realizes this in his end moments. Marlow again mentions headin... ...ke hell break loose. Voyage into the land increases the themes of death and chaos. However, with the trek into the heart of the land, the other two concepts significantly grow- civilization becomes more and more edacious, and the dark heart of each individual is more likely to burst free. This may very well explain how when with his aunt, Marlow is so resisting that he states that the company is totally profit-oriented. By the time he has been at the station for a period of time and reads Kurtzs book, he actually considers his views on the inferiority of the natives. Also note how the clear got to Fresleven, causing him to go insane. The half-hidden, negative side in each concept becomes the heart of darkness, both relating it to the title and a very unifying theme. BibliographyConrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkeness. newly York Chelsea House, 1987.

In the Post-modern World, Truth is Only an Opinion :: essays research papers fc

To explain the impacts of postmodernism, we have to understand the very composite nature of postmodernism, which is a comparatively new all encompassing philosophy and one that reputedly lacks a historiography. The nature of the title question is very philosophical to which an equally philosophical serve could be given why? However I am not so bold as to give that as the answer. I will therefrom endeavour to simplify and qualify, what I consider are, related factors and, where applicable, their origins. Similarly, as the title requests, I will also tackle their relationship with the what is memorial? debate (having rootage explained exactly what it is) to offer a conclusion as to the profundity of their impact.The debate that continues through modern day historians on exactly what is history? was instigated by the writings of Collingwood, Elton and Carr, during the 20th century. It appears a very multifaceted issue and seldom does a historian writing about the ongoing debate f ully agree with any of his cohorts in any of the intellectual disciplines. In the words of Oscar Wilde, To write history we have to rewrite history. Obviously, this always involves revision, which encompasses our understanding of the past and our sense of the pertinacity of the past into the present. (1) Once again, it is a complex issue to address as each individual may offer a different perspective, on their thought of past histories due to personal circumstance and ideology, which subsequently emphasises the connections between different fields of human endeavour.(2) There is commonly a distinction between history and sociology in as much as history commonly refers to area of past events and human affairs, while sociology may be defined as the study of human society, with an emphasis on generalisations about its structure and development.(3) Rather than to get engaged in the parochial debate between how history and sociology differ, it is much easier to remove that they comp liment each other. In fact there are a number of intellectual disciplines (including social anthropology, geography, politics and economics, to name but a few), which are all complimentary to the writing of history.Clearly the more recent the event, the more likely we will have more evidence as contemporary sources whether they be oral accounts, manuscripts, diaries and so forth have had less time to withstand the destructive processes, experienced by many other similar sources, throughout the theodolite of time. However, this is not to dismiss findings from archaeological digs, as with the help from modern technology it is believed we can interpret quite accurately dates, scenes and lifestyles of societies from long past epochs.

Augustine and Skepticism Essay

Though considered one of the founders of theology, specifically in terms of Christianity, it is also widely real that St. Augustine played a large role in philosophy as well. In being familiar with total doubterism, the radical that nonhing put up be known, Augustine advised that this thought could be disproven in at least three distinct ways. According to Augustine, these three refutations of skepticism atomic number 18 the principle of non-contradiction, the act of skeptical and refutation relating to perception.The first refutation illustrated by Augustine is that of non-contradiction. This principle explains that when examining and presenting an vagary, only the suggestion or the contradiction may be true, but in no instance, can both be true. For example, if one were to state that I am here, the idea presented is that the statement is true. As a result, it would be impossible to follow that idea up with the statement It is not true that I am here. According to Augustine, the idea may be true or the contradiction of that idea may be true, but never both. This refutation is an attempt to prove that although total skepticism dictates that nothing can be known, its nearly impossible to argue with both the overture and the contradiction-surely, one of them must be known as truth. This seems to be a fairly valid principle, as it leaves little room for argument in the idea that something is either true, or it is false, but rarely ever is there an alternative that could be true.The second refutation is the act of doubting, an idea arguing that through doubting, we in conclusion defeat the purpose of total skepticism. For example, if one was to argue that through total skepticism, it is impossible to know anything or that they doubt something to be true, in essence they are conceding to the idea that at the very least they are certain of their own existence-otherwise, how would their be any validity in their doubts? A non-existent person, would not be abl e to illustrate doubt or explain that nothing can be known, therefore, Augustine attempted to state that ones existence negates the act of doubting anything can be known, because at least the idea of their existence is known.While this concept is an interesting one, the validity of it seems to be questionable because it doesnot take into favor that ultimately the concept of existence is not being disputed, but rather the idea of what can truly be known is in question. The act of doubting, does not seem to disprove total skepticism as much, but rather seems to be a blanket contradiction against it.The final refutation of Augustine revolves around perception, particularly sense perception, and the idea that perception in its most basic form is a type of knowledge. While we may not be able to come to an end the essence of an object or concept, we can describe our own perception of it, in which case, we make no error in judgment. If we saw a pond that seemed shallow and assert that it only seems shallow, we make no mistake. Only when we conclude that the pond is shallow, with no certainty or proof to support that idea, are we mistaken. This opposes the idea of total skepticism, in that we can know at least what our perceptions allow us to determine. In my opinion, this is a valid argument because ultimately it does not act what we know or do not know fully, but rather states that our knowledge of anything is based on our own perception of it.Although the ideas of academic and total skeptic ism sought to disprove a need or even the logic behind philosophy, scholars such as St. Augustine attempted to prove that despite the concomitant that we do not have total knowledge in everything, we are not totally void of knowledge. The three refutations of Augustine serve to help us mobilize that just as there is an opposite to nearly everything, the concept of skepticism can always be rebutted when it comes to knowledge and our understanding of the world.

British Prime Minister

From the year 1905 to the year 2008, there ar already 24 gush ministers who have ruled over as the Prime rector of the United Kingdom (United Kingdom Prime Ministers 2008). As of the present times, the position is occupied by Gordon Brown. The world-beater that is cosmos held by the strand minister has been passed on from one hand over the next for the past 103 years. The obtain of king is an master(prenominal) figure in analyzing the role of the inflorescence minister and the way finished which a deeper understanding of how it is maintained can be seen.The distinctiveness and the constant replacement of the prime minister over the course of their existence in the British government have to be related to the dynamics of power unitedly with its source in order to explain why and how it is held by the people in position. This paper aims to draw a concept of power and identify whether there is an in ceremonious and formal side of power. This is done with a research using different literatures and in like manner draws upon personal opinion in order to provide a comminuted position on the general topic of power.This is followed by a discussion of the power that is exercised by the prime minister, more specifically that of the United Kingdom. The sources of power, check to the conventions, arrangements, and perfect devices argon similarly researched in order to relate this to how the power is earned and maintained. In order to do this, the experiences of the past prime ministers atomic number 18 studied and poised to form a historical overview of how the power to govern as a prime minister is taken and maintained. What is Power?In understanding the concept of power, it is important to take note of its definition and the characteristics that argon associated with it. Morgan (2006) defines it to be the medium through which conflicts of interest are ultimately resolved and modulates who gets what, when, and how (p. 166). In relation to this, it i s seen that power occurs with the try of social reality drawn by the members of a special(prenominal) group and the need for the allocation of the scarce resources (Pfeffer & Salancik 2003).There is a relation that can be seen from the cardinal definitions wherein it could be derived that the person or the group which has the power defines the resources that are considered to be of limited amount. Along with the possession of power is the ability and mold for particular resources together with its allocation. In profit to this, the seat of power is defined by the individuals making up a group. politically speaking, power is seen to be a means through which sharing occurs in the process of making decisions (Fahlbusch, Bromily, & Barrett 1999).In the stage setting of the government, the decision-making process meanaaas the formulation of the policies, which include government challenge or inaction. Further disparity is seen with the persona of power as there are two faces seen for it. It is seen as an instrument through which peace and status quo can be fulfild (Fahlbusch, Bromily, & Barrett 1999). On the some other hand, it remains to be very susceptible to abuse that includes misuse, excess, and tyranny (Fahlbusch, Bromily, & Barrett 1999 311)Two additional and related definitions of power is provided by Shortell and Kaluzny (1997) where it is seen that power is 1) something that is apply in order to change the course of action or mien of another group or individual and 2) the influence that is exerted in order to obligate another person or group to do something that is in opposite to the original decision. There are certain elements that can be clearly seen from these definitions of power. First, it is seen that it whitethorn or it may not transcend through a hierarchical structure and is not dependent on the way through which positions in the plaque is patterned.This is because the direction from which the power stems can be anyplace who can ac tually accomplish the two conditions mentioned above. However, it can be seen that there is, actually, a greater chance for those who occupy melloweder positions to have power and use it because of the capabilities and responsibilities that is attached to the position. Second, it is a means of initiating change. To a certain extent, it can be seen that change is often associated with leadership as the latter is associated with two characteristics which include being masters of change and visionaries (Fisher 1999 138).It can be related that since there is a sense of change in every leader, it can be seen that power is something that is used for the purpose of leading people into making several changes for a particular goal that is intended. It should be noted, still, that leadership is not the same as management and may or may not lie within the formal organizational structure. Third, power is sometimes associated with coercion and the use of force in order to achieve something.Thou gh this is oftentimes seen and accepted in negative terms, it should be considered that this is not the sole aspect of power. In fact, there are different types of power that is classified according to their sources and coercion is only one of the elements that can be seen from one or a few of these types. A discussion with regard to this is placed in the following section. Sources of Power There are five general sources of power as presented by Cronkhite (2008). The classification includes reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, referent power, and expert power (Cronkhite 2008).First, reward power exists where loyalty and cooperation is earned in exchange for something that is needed (Cronkhite 2008). Second, coercive power involves the ability to take away something that is considered to be of value when the behavior or action desired is not achieved (R. Denhardt, J. Denhardt, & Aristigueta 2001). Third, legitimate power, placed in simple terms, is considered to be the typ e of power which stems from the position that is being held wherein people are made to follow and act in good will of the organizational structure, which indicates the position (Bob, I.Asherman, S. Asherman, & Randall 2001). Fourth, referent power is the type wherein power is gained through association with a tidy group or persons (Timby & Smith 2007). It could be of the inherent power of the organization to which a particular person belongs that makes other people behave in a particular manner Lastly, expert power is that which is derived from the special knowledge, skill, or ability that a particular individual possesses (Cottam, Uhler, Mastors, & Preston 2004).The Role of the Prime Minister There are several roles that need to be fulfilled by the British Prime Minister being the national leader. The breadth of responsibilities include constitutional and procedural, appointments to ministerial and other senior posts, conduct of Cabinet and parliamentary business, the organizatio n and efficiency of government, the Budget and other economic decisions, and special foreign and defense functions (Mayne 1999 26).As can be discerned from the cite of general roles taken by the Prime Minister, there are functions which are legislative and executive in nature. The Prime Ministers presence and realize is felt when it comes to policy formulation, which is in the decision-making process, and in policy implementation, which is the executive functions of the prime minister. For example, he or she has affairs to deal with in the decisions made but also has defense functions, which is under the executive branch of the government.Another set of classification is also provided by Borthwick, Shell, and Williams (1995) wherein the Prime Minister is vested with responsibilities as the primary individual responsible for the trading operations of the government, the sharpen of the party to which he or she belongs, and the leader of the whole nation. There are different specif ic tasks that need to be accomplished in consideration of the different interests of the people to whom the prime minister is accountable to.It is also defined by Hayward and Menon (2003) that a seemingly prime ministerial government exists in Britain wherein the prime minister co-ordinates policy, resolves conflicts, and controls the main resources (67). In the definition previously provided in an attempt to clarify the concept of power, it has been shown that the elements of power include possession of control in resources, an influence in the decision making process, and a voice in the resolution of conflict.These are the terce elements that could also be discerned from the functions and roles of the prime minister that are presented by Hayward and Menon (2003) and Mayne (1999). It can be concluded that the set of functions devoted here characterize the existence of power within the hands of the Prime Minister and the sources can be both formal and informal, as is followed in t he definition of power in general. Where it all Comes From There are different sources of power that can be seen from the write up of prime ministerial incumbency in Britain.Through the intricate network of relations formed from the organizational hierarchy of the government, it can be seen that there are three general sources of power that includes the conventions, the constitutional devices, and the arrangements that are present in the British government. From personal characteristics also comes a consideration of whether or not a particular individual is given the power to serve as the Prime Minister.There are four characteristics, which include 1) the name and status in the society or an organization together with what an individual can do 2) perceived affiliation with success in terms of politics 3) acceptance of the public and 4) a relatively high position in the party, parliamentary party, and government (Poguntke & Webb 2005 37). While these can not be considered as the dir ect sources of power, it serves as among the characteristics that are seen as bases whether power is given to an individual or not.This is important because these are requirements or prerequisites that are seen to be the main characteristics of the people that are vested with the powers of the Prime Minister. Likewise, it can be seen that these bases for the acquisition of power is not framed in the Constitution nor is it determined through the formal lines of government but are the shadow elements being considered in the selection process. However, it should also be noted that not everyone who fits these conditions become Prime Ministers.This is because there are other forms of standards are present that limits only one individual to be considered rightful(prenominal) as the Prime Minister. To a certain extent, it can be said that the Prime Minister is considered to be an elected monarch and draws certain powers from the Royal waft of the land (Borthwick, Shell, & Williams 1995). The approval and acceptance of the monarch has been an important factor in maintaining the power that is within the reach of the Prime Minister.Over the years, the manner through which the monarch is selected has evolved in such a way that in the beginning, it is the personal affiliation of the person to the monarch that mattered but in the twentieth century, it became the credentials and appropriateness of the person that is considered by the monarch (Borthwick, Shell, & Williams 1995). While todays monarch do not hold as much power and influence as those that existed in the past, they are still given the chance to voice out their concerns over the affairs of the government especially with the selection of the key leaders of the country.It has been through traditional considerations and the influence that the monarch has that renders them to still be powerful for certain decisions made in the country. In addition to this, the Prime Minister is tasked to report to the monarch every hebdomad in consideration of the monarchs possession of the right to be consulted, the right to encourage and the right to warn (Williams 1998 165). There are still powers and rights that are given to the monarch that the Prime Minister could not ignore and should continuously take into account for the former could easily use its power against the Prime Minister.In addition to this, it is argued by Harrison and Boyd (2006) that the major development strengthening PM power over the last century have been mainly political rather than constitutional (34-5). Politically speaking, the power of the Prime Minister is related to the party that wins in the House of Common, which is considered to be a source of power for the Prime Minister (Borthwick, Shell, & Williams 1995). The largest party wins in the House of Common and the person who serves as the leader of the said party is appointed as the Prime Minister with the approval of respective authorities in the land.Just the same as the Prim e Minister reports to the monarch, he or she is likewise responsible to the House in lieu of the need to maintain the power that is vested upon him or her. There are several expectations that need to be fulfilled as a Prime Minister that would continuously be within the shoulders of the incumbent. Moreover, another source of power for the Prime Minister is the assignment of being the First Lord of the Treasury where the two positions are often associated with one another (Goodnow 2005). The responsibilities of the said ability give the Prime Minister another area from where his or her power could stem from.Conclusion Power is considered to be the influence in the decision-making process, the control over the resources, and the force exerted over the behavior and actions of other people. In general, there are five sources of power that is categorized according to how power is attained and maintained. Placed in the context of the British government, power is considered in the roles o f the Prime Minister. There are general roles that are fulfilled by the individual who is incumbent to the said position, which is being the head of the state, government, and the parliament.The powers of the Prime Minister are also earned through the monarch and the positions assigned of him or her. There are different limitations to the extent of control exhibited by the monarchy today but it remains to be ingrained in the British society and it can still place several pressures on the Prime Minister and the power of the same. In addition to this, there are also personal characteristics that are held as important for the position. Indeed, the powers of the Prime Minister stem from different sources, which are both formal and informal.The broad range from which power is sourced out is considered to be an implication of the need for a clear delineation of the powers and functions of the British Prime Minister. distinguish of References Bob, P. , Asherman, I. , Aherman, S. , and Ran dall, J. (2001) The Negotiation Sourcebook. Amherst, MA HRD Press. Borthwick, R. L. , Shell, D. , and Williams, R. (1995) Churchill to Major The British Prime Ministership Since 1945. NY M. E. Sharpe, Inc. Cottam, M. , Uhler, B. , Mastors, E. and Preston, T. (2004) Introduction to Political Psychology.Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Cronkhite, C. (2008) Criminal Justice Administration Strategies for the 21st Century. Sudbury, MA Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Denhardt, R. , Denhardt, J. and Aristigueta, M. (2001) Managing mankind Behavior in Public and Nonprofit Organizations. London SAGE. Fahlbusch, E. , Bromiley, G. , and Barrett, D. (1999) The Encyclopedia of Christianity (A-D). Michigan Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. Fisher, K. (1999) Leading Self-Directed Work Teams A Guide to Developing spic-and-span Team Leadership Skills. NY McGraw-Hill. Goodnow, F.(2005) Comparative Administrative Law An Analysis of The Administrative Systems, National And Local, Of The United States, England, France, And Germany. NY G. P. Putnams Sons. Harrison, K. and Boyd, T. (2006) The Changing Constitution. Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press. Hayward, J. and Menon, A. (2003) Governing Europe. Oxford Oxford University Press. Mayne, A. (1999) From politics Past to regime Future An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms. Westport, CT Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. Morgan, G. (2006) Images of Organization. London SAGE. Pfeffer, J.and Salancik, G. (2003) The External Control of Organizations A Resource Dependence Perspective. Stanford, CA Stanford University Press. Poguntke, T. and Webb, P. (2005) The Presidentialization of Politics A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies. Oxford Oxford University Press. Shortell, S. and Kaluzny, A. (1997) Essentials of Health Care Management. NY Thomson Delmar. Timby, B. & Smith, N. (2007) Introductory Medical-Surgical Nursing. Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Williams, A. (1998) UK Government and Politics. Oxford Heinemann Educational Publishers.

Arya Samaj

CHAPTER-III THE ARYA SAMAJ AS A MOVEMENT E very(prenominal) sacred app arent move handst aims at non only initiating a spiritual awakening but as well re fermenting the contemporary cabaret by trying to remove ignorance,superstitions,doubts and dogmas from the minds of the great unwashed, olibanum ushering in a new kind of phantasmal conversion. In this respect,the Arya Samaj,as a religious purport,did not f in all far behind,as it made a dynamic impact upon the Indians,forming a fire and conspicuous chapter in the modern Hindu intellection.Through the preaching of Vedic ideals,it succeeded to a great extent,in reforming the then Indian parliamentary law,inculcating in the people the moral values of life. In this chapter,we shall attempt to throw light on how the Arya Samaj as a movement was able to achieve its desired goalof revitalising the Indians from their stupor of lethargy and ignorance,initiating them to learn the invaluable immenseness of the Vedic ideals and mak ing them at a lower placestand and accept these ideals as a way of life.To be precise,the Arya Samaj act its best to remove the affectionate ills such as untouchability,cow-trouncing,forced widowhood,child- marriage ceremony and legal transfer above reforms through female educastion,permission for going abroad for higher learning,reconversion to Hinduism,and many other philanthropic work to inject a new life and brawn into the then morbid socio-religious enviromentof the Indian society. The major thrust of the movement was in the field of religion. The religious scene among the Hindus in the nineteenth speed of light had become morbid.Many religious beliefs and practices prevailed among the Hindu society which were not an essential inseparable part of true Hinduism. The puranik Hinduism had practically usurpesd the rightful place of the Vedas and the Upanishads. Hinduism had evolved many religious sects like Saivism,Vaisnavism,Saktism,Tantrism,the Swaminarayan and others. Rel igion degenerated intothe performance of religious worship of idol and rigid rituals and its spiritualism began to be clouded and conf pulmonary tuberculosisd.Religion began to be equated with temple going ,the observance of shradha ceremony,pilgrimage to the holy places,observance of vratas and fasts in the expectation of fantastic mundane rewards,and beliefs in astrology. They did not know much about their holy books. They believed that anything written in Sanskrit was sacred. They often read books in Sanskrit which were not really good,only a fewer of them read Gita which was supposed to be composed by Lord Krishnasome read the Ramayana and the Mahabharata,the two great epics of Indiabut very few of them knew anything about the four-spot Vedas,the sacred books of Hindus.As a matter of fact the so called religious leaders of Hinduism,the members of the preistly class,upported by the pandits of Banaras,were interested in keeping the spend a pennyed order of things unchanged,as it brought them pecuinary gains and rewards in the form of charity and religious fees. Apart from the internal disease in the form of priestly domination,there were Christian missionaries,who with the tactit backing of European officials,were reaping a rich harvest by the religious conversions of the lower classes of Hindus.In the religious sphere,the Arya Samaj has vigorously campainged for the freedom of thought. Earlier all the words uttered by a Holy person were regarded as authoritative. none dared to criticise the interpolated Sanskrit verses and non-Vedic teachings of the orthodox schools. It was the Arya Samaj that revolutionised the religious thought and ideas of the people. The Arya Samaj taught the people to think rationally. They were asked to determine the value of a percept in terms of the degree of truth it contained. They were urged to use their intellect and to reason out things for themselves before accepting them.The scientific truths and the laws that govern natu re were given their rightful place in religion. Dayananda wasd inspired by his Vedic knowledge and his deeo study of the Shastras to reform Hinduism and make it free all vices. He was of the opinion that in order to appreciate religious truth in its good perspective,one should absolutely be free from prejudices and superstitions. He was of the view that human beings had the capacity to follow the path of truth which was the essence of religion, but were prevented from so doing by selfishness,ego,greed and avarice.The Arya Samaj is not a new religion. It preaches the doctrines of the Vedas revealed to mankind by God in the beginning of the universe. It attemps at rehabilitating and reviving the Vedic truths which mankind had forgotten through ignorance and the advent of Puranic literature, which blurred our mint and sent the vedic culture into the background. The Arya Samaj has dug out the Vedas down from the debris of the puranas,and installed them on the high pedestal of morality and infallibility they deserve. The Arta Samaj teaches the unity and oneness of God,the brotherhood pf Godthe c onception f the God head-given in the vedas is the loftiest. It is this conception which the Arya Samaj has put forth before the earthly concern. It does not believe in idol worship,reincarnation of God,shradhas,satisfaction of the foregone souls by offerings in their name. It believes in the transmigration of the souls and the beginningless and endlessness of God,soul and matter. It believes in the return of the soulin the form of Mukti,a pronounce of beautitude and immense happiness for a long period. There is no place in the Arya Samaj for the hereditary priest or for an ecclesiastical authority over the people.It does not accept the innumerable rituals and ceremonies which choke the spirit and mock the religion. They interpreted the Vedas to justify the Puranic mythology and therefore they tried to give the present degenerate popular Hindu religion a Vedic sancti on. Dayananda tried to interpret the Vedas on the basis of buffer texts without being influenced by the works of the commentators of the later age. In the book Satyarth Prakash Swami Dayananda tries to establish the thesis that the Vedic religion was absolutely monotheistic in nature.In the Vedas there are hymns which assert the unity of God. In the words of Benjamin Walker,Whereas Rammohan Roy had been attracted by the Upanishads and Vivekananda by the Vedanta,Dayananda went straight to the source of both these systems,the Vedas. He regarded the Vedas as the eternal,inaffiable,perfect and complete revelation of God,given to the world one hundred billion years ago. Rishi Aurobindo accepts that,There is then nothing fantastic in Dayanandas idea that Veda contains truth of science as healthful as truth of religion. Lastly Rishi Aurobindo saysDayananda will be honored as the off mickle who discovered the right clues,amidst the chaos and obscurity of ignorance and age-long misunders tanding. His was the eye of direct vision that pierced to the truth and fastened on that which was essential. He found the keys of the doors that time had closed and rent asunder the seals of the imprisoned fountains. His lion like roaring vox Back to Vedas appealed highly to the contemporary Indian sensitibility groping since long In the dark. It was the origin of this Arya Dharma advancing with the motto- We are Indo-Europeansand our religion is Veda Om is our God and Truth the duty. We would establish the Arya Samajas i. e the societies of the noble men,throughout The world and teach all and sundry to practice all the true principles of course,having practiced them first ourselves. The Arya Samaj is nort a religious sect as it does not believe in the human representation of God in the form of prophet,mediator or savior or Avatar(incarnation). Every man is this instant connected with the supreme being and the worship of God means the holding of direct spiritual communion with Hi m.Thus the Arya Samaj is deadly against all kinds of fetish-worship,idolatory,image-worship,tree-worship,river-worship,mountain-worship,star-worship,cow-worship,bird-worship or even man-worship. The trusters heart is the real temple of God,and meditation on the attributes of God is the true worship. Swami Dayananda has prescribed a simple mode of worship called prarthana or plea consisting of eight Veda mantras and sandhya or worship which consists o the recitation of some Vedic mantras which speak of the attributes of God and proveking His blessings of ones efforts. It included yogic pranayam,that is the glimmering exercise.All this does not take more than 15 to 20 mins a day. In the last quarter of the nineteenth century,the Arya Samaj movement was perhaps the most powerful of socio-revival movements,which gave a new,more dynamic and concrete dimension to the social and religious regeneration movement in the country. The Arya Samaj has had a greater dynamic impact on Indians o ver several(prenominal) generations than any other religious or social reform movement has in modern times. It is the most conspicuous movement of the tim,es and one of the most main(prenominal) and interesting chapters of modern Hindu thought.Not only did it want to bring about spiritual regeneration of India by purifying Hindu religion and Indian society,but likewise it tried to reestablish the pristine glory of Vedas and the Vedic religion. It was a crusade against socio-religious superstitions and prejudices like idolatory,child-marriage,rituals,etc,it upheld supremacy and the infallibility of the Vedas and the vedic knowledge. It was a part of the nineteenth century renaissance movement,that believed in Hindu revivalism and back to the Vedas was its call to the people. A act of social thoughts and practices were operating as erious obstacles to the growth and development of the nations economy and traditionsto the state of ridicule and scorn of the western educated men and w omen. Some of these social evils were untouchability,child-marriage,enforced widowhood,the denial of equality to women in religions and reading,the ban on crossing the seas,the forced dissolution on marriage and death events,the compulsory use of fireworks in the public,the dowry system,the barter system in girls marraige and several other social ills,the Hindu society of the period suffered.These evil customs were regarded as ordained by God and,therefore,they were as inseparable essential part of Hinduism. The Arya Samaj struggled hard to cure the society of this disease and make it socially healthy and ethnically strong. Its contribution in the social fiels was so singular and distinct that even if it had done nothing else,it would still produce a place of pioneer in the social reformation movement of this period. It aimed at establishing a universal religion and purifying the Indian society of its evils.Lala Lajpat Rai saysThe social ideals of the Arya Samaj are the ideals o f the ancient Rishis of India. They were based on - (1) The father of God and the brotherhood of men. (2) The equality of sexes. (3) Absolute justice and fair play between men and men and nations and nations. Equal oppurtunities to all according to their nature,karma and merit. (4) Love and charity towards all. The stigma that had darkened the name of the Hindu was the practice of untouchability,which was an off-shoot of the pernicious caste system. Dayananda had farsighted vision to see that the caste is the greater curse on India.Based on a wrong interpretation of the well known purushsa-sukta,it had been working for the disruption of the Hindu society. Dayanada first thought to exorcise the obnoxious spell of untouchability. He vehemently opposed the practice of untouchability and worked for the upliftment of the oppressed and the so-called low castes of the society. Dayananda quoted the Vedas to prove that the varna of a person was determined by his character,good deeds and his sanskar. Truthfulness,self-sacrifice,knowledge of God and the Vedas can enable a sudra to enter into a higher varna.Similarly,due to bad conduct,evil deeds,selfishness,a person belonging to the higher varna,may be adulterate to a lower one in the social hierarchy. A person may be born of Brahmin parents,but he may become a sudra if he acts like one. Swami Dayananda preached the equality of mankind. He did not believe in any kind of distinctions between high and the low,the high-caste and the low-caste. He taught the people to retire one another and root out all thoughts of hate from the heart. Love was highest religion. One could win over enemies by Love.Nut Love should not be imprisoned to Human beingseven animals should be loved. It was cruel to inflict any kind of pain to them. The temples of the Arya Samaj are ever open to all the depressed classes. Many missionaries sacrificed their lives to adept equal social and religious status for the so called untouchables. They were no t only state for the first time eligible to study Sanskrit and the Vedas,but many of them became the preachers and teachers of Vedas in the Aryan Samaj. In many Arya Samaj temples there were preists who were born in the tso called untouchables castes.They now performed sacramental rituals such as marriage,sacred thread ceremonial havans and other rituals,which were formerly performed exclusively by Brahamans. The Arya Samaj took up the cudgels for the people of the Hindu society,who were the victims of the then prevailing social ills as of child marriage and old marriage resulting in increased number of childlike widows,women who were ignorant of the world around them and they had turned widows at a tender age. The young widows life was intolerable in the Hindu society.She was held obligated for all the misfortune of the family and was treated worse than a servant. Generally she was not allowed to marry again,and sometimes she was forced to burn herself to death with her husband. Swami Dayananda began his tirade in spare of wodow-remarraige and favoured the institution of Niyoga,as Niyoga was in vogue in ancient times. In 1856,Pt Iswar Chandra Vidyasagars praise-worthy advocacy was successful in getting the widow-remarriage Act passed. But it was rotting in the shelves of the lawyers as public prejudices were too strong to drive benefits from the law.The Arya Samaj took the masses and succeeded in popularizing widow-remarraige. In bringing out reforms to the life to these young widows Sir Gangaram Trust has done a notable work. The trust has opened many Vidhwa-Ashrams in the northeren parts of India. Thousands of widows for whom life was truly a living hell were leading a pourposeful and meaningful lives under the roofs of these Ashrams. Today,of course,marriage of the widows has become an acceptable fact in the Hindu society. Another evil was the child marriage and the Arya Samaj did not leg behindin its attempts to remove this social evil.Child-marriage was introduced into the Hindu society when the hordes of invaders began to pour into India at about the beginning of the Christian era,and the honour and chastity of women became unsafe. The Arya Samaj carried on a velement crusade against this institution,and may be congratulated on the success it has met with in rallying public opinion in favour of its view. As regards the age of marriage,Swami Dayananda says in the 4th chapter of the Satya Prakashthe best time of for the marriage of girls is from sixteen to twenty-four years of age.The lo0west age for a girls for marriage is sixteen and for a man twenty-five. He was aware of the evil if after impacts of child marriage,hence he suggested that there should be law to stop this evil practice. Social legislations sponsored by the Arya Samajists were passed as Acts in the central legislature. The Child Marriage Act known designed by prominent Arya Samajist were milestones on the road of the Indian Society. In the nineteenth century,am ong the orthodox Hindu,there was a strong prejudice against the education of girls.They thought they should not be sent to school,as they believed that if women learnt to read and save up they would come to grief and as a result they were married illiterate. The old saying was accepted Stei-Shudras-Nadhiyetam which meant women and low castes should never be taught. The custom of child marriage erected further barrier to the education of girls. Swami Dayananda pleaded for the equality of men and women and laid emphasis on the education for girls. He argued that an uneducated wife will be a liability to her husband and will also fail to discharge the real duties of a mother.He condemned the economic and social injustice to which women were subjected. 50 years ago,all female education was under the direct management of the Arya Samaj. The Arya Samaj educational institutions were the first to open special and separate institutions for girls,where they were taught Sanskrit and Vedas,for which they were not eligible according to the orthodox Hindus. Besides learning Sankrit and Vedas,girls were declared entitled to wear the sacred thread like the boys. Noe female education has become so common that the people of his generation cant see what formidable opposition Arya Samaj had to encounter even for such a simple thing ,as it now appears. Then also an unhealthy system was in full-of-the-moon force which forbade the women to expose their face to the view of the males. as a result her face,was kept practically covered both indoors and outdoors during the day. Hence the Arya Samaj tried its best to remove the purdah system,following the line of the great ancient Indian tradition. In the nineteenth century,for some reason,the orthodox Hinduism had turned its head resolutely against the stupidity of foreign travel by its members.Crossing a sea outside the country was considered to be a veritable sin,the dire consequences for which was the out-casting of such culprits. This tended to cut off the fall into place of the Hindus with the outside world which made their thoughts and practices in various fielsd of life-culture,religion,social educational and politics narrow and stale. Dayanandas repudiation of the Hindu taboo against foreign travel was also motivated with similar concern for the welfare of the and the prosperity of the country.Rejecting the popular Hindu belief that to go abroad is aginst Hindu religion,he said This is all nonsense and propagated by ignorant and foolish people. Formerly people Aryavarta(India) used to go outside country for trade,state affairs and even as tourists,Now-a-days the fear of losing caste and religion is falsely spread. Those who do not hesitate to visit different countries and Islands come in contact with different kinds of people and learn their customs and ways of living thus help the progress and better relations of their country.They develop fearlessness and bravery. They adopt whatever is good in other countries and shun what is not good and thus achieve prosperity. Another,bold step undertaken by the Arya Samaj was to initiate the process of reconversion to Hinduism despite the stiff resisitance of the orthodox religionists. Vedic religion is meant for all,it is universal in its teachings thus the Arya Samaj opens the door of the Vedic Dharma to all non-Hindus,to-what-so ever religion they may belong. For centuries the Hindus have been the victimsof religious fantacism and proselytization by Muslim and Christian preachers.In the Shuddhi Movement,Maharshi Dayananda introduced one revolutionary item in the programme of the Arya Samaj. He believed that lostHindus,that is the Hindus converted to other religions,should be brought back within the process known as the Shuddhi Movement. With Vedic liberalism and rationalism,he believed that the door of Hinduism should not remain closed to those who once had left it for some reason or other. In the years before World War I Shuddhi campai gn was conducted among various untouchable groups in the nor-westOn June 23,1911 at Allahabad,the all India Shuddhi Sabha was founded by Ram Bhaj Dutta.The Arya Samaj had developed Shuddhi as a weapon of defence fom the conversion threaht posed by both Christianity and Islam. belongings in line the sentiment of the Hindus,the Arya Samaj also took up the cause of the protection of the cows. Goraksha or protection of the cow was an integral part of Swami Dayanandas teachings and work. He was the first great man who raised his voice against cow-slaughter. Wherever he went,he vigorously preached against it,not on religious grounds,but for purely utilitarian,humanitarian and economic considerations.It is because cows milk is so essential for the sustenance and the well-being for human life physically,intellectually,mentally and spiritually that he so strongly pleaded for cow protection and condemned their slaughter. He appealed to high British administrative officials wherever he met th em,for instance,at Ajmer to Col. Brooke,the Agent Governor for Rajputana,at Farukhabad to Mr. Muri Lt. Governor of the Northwest province to abolish the slaughter of cows explaining to them the material benefits the cow yields to mankind.Later,he wrote Gokaunanudhi,fully showing the harm that the slaughter of cows was doing,and recounting the benefits that man derived from the cows. He even preached a memorial to ne signed by two or three crores of people from all over the country including the Indian Princes,to be submitted to Queen Victoria and the British Parliament asking for the abolition of cow slaughter in India. Lakhs of signatures were obtained those of several rule princes such as their Highness Moharana of udaipur,Maharaja of Jodhpur and Maharaja of Bundi.His premature death,however,put a stop to the movement. In India,the land of Gods,because of their innocence and implicit faith in the supernatural,the people were victims of a number of superstitions. People believed i n planetary influence like astrolgy,omens,evil spirits and ghosts. They tried to satisfy the deities for the fullfilment of their desires and believed in miracles. The Arya Samaj is the institution which strove hard to fight against the superstitions in India and abroad. Superstitious beliefs are responsible for the degradation of a nation.Untill and unless these beliefs are not wiped out no nation can progress. Arya Samaj deserves credit for this revolutionary action. It will be curious to note that even the Bhagabat Purana deprecates superstitious beliefs and hypocrisy. The Arya Samaj was the first body to denounce these malpractrices. The Arya Samaj engages in philanthropic work on a large scale. Outside Christian circle it was the first purely Indian Association to organize orphanages and widow homes. The first Hindu orphanage was established in Ferozepur,on Punjab in the lifetime of the ease up of the Samaj.It still retains its position as the premier Hindu orphanage in India, has splendid ans commodius buildings,all erected by private charity,and maintains schools and workshops for the training of boys and girls,There are a number of other orphanages on similar lines in Northern India,controlled by the Arya Samajbesides these,many Hindu institutions and orphanages apread over India bear the impress and influence of the Arya Samaj. The Arya Samaj has also organised reprieve in the times of distress caused by natural calamities like famine,flood and earthquake. During the famine of 1897-98,1900,1902,1907-08.The Arya Samaj provided reliefs to the people affected by the calamities in effected areas in India. It was a very commendable service rendered by the Arya Samaj in organising reliefs operations for the famine stricken people. An important episode in the history of the Arya Samaj concerns its educational programme. In the 19th century India had come under the british rule and the conduct with the west began in a direct and more powerful and effective w ay. The social renaissance movement in the country opened up new vistas inder the impact of the spread of western education.There was introduction of English education in India. Indian youths lost their cultural moorings and national pride about glorious ancient cultural heritage. Though in body and colour of their skin,they remained Indians,yet in everything elsein dress,in mode of living,in opinion,in habits,in manners,in values,in attitude they became Englishmen,Disintegration set in,communalism went deep into the Indian mind and education didnt help for the enlightenment,character,social change,national integration,but it became a tool for getting jobs as clerks in government offices or as assistant

Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 16

November 12, 1864Life with Damon is equal playing chess with a mad person. I can think of a thousand different possibilities to subscribe against, a thousand different moves he could make, and then he goes and changes the rules of the game.Its sufficient his newfound predilection for casual violence that makes him so incalculable, but the way he revels in it. Though blood is our diet, we as vampires at least prolong a modicum of self-will. Damon doesnt have to let his dark side win, and yet he embraces it.I view this change in him with horror and guilt, as I was the one who set him d witness the path of the vampire. Katherine was the one who changed him, but I force-fed him his first human. later depending his message to me I cant consider leaving the Sutherlands until I have figured out a way to keep them all safe. What my brother did to Callie it obviously isnt beyond him to just dispose of the entire family once they serve their purpose.But when will he retreat action? At the spousal relationship? After the wedding? After the honeymoon? Next year? Could I spirit the girls away somewhere? Could I convince them to hide? Could I compel them to? Damon managed to find me here, could he find me or them anywhere?I have to come up with a plan, in case Damon doesnt just leave town with his newfound fortune.Of course, the artlessst resolving would be to kill Damon.Voil one maniacal, insane, unpredictable, murderous vampire gone, the world, and myself, a thousand dates safer. Thats assuming I could do it. I am so more(prenominal) than weaker than he is, it would have to be done by surprise or guile or something equally underhanded, like a knife in the back. ilk he killed Callie.There isnt any point in thinking that way. I will not stoop to his level. He is my brother. And as awful as he is, he is the barely relative left to me.The next day, time flew by as if it had nothing better to do than gallop me toward matrimony. Before I knew it, Id been stuff ed into my suit, force-fed pancakes, and coarse-grained over one hundred blocks north to the altar, where I stood awaiting my fate, as the Sutherlands unknowingly awaited their own.Damon and I stood side by side in Woodcliff Manors great hall the sensibly family chapel nearby was far too small for Bridgets tastes. The Richards were kind enough to let her use their home at the tip of Manhattan Island. It was really more of a castle than a home, with gray towers, parapets, and decorative portcullises, all made from the gray rock that jutted seamlessly out of the rocky promontory on which it sat.Not so far from there, outside the arched gothic windows, were the remains of Fort Tryon, the site of a sad defeat of Continental forces under George Washington by the British.My thoughts drifted as I imagined redcoats and scrappy American soldiers and puffs of gunpowder and then something occurred to me. Katherine could have witnessed such a battle. I never asked how old she was perhaps D amon did but she was far previous(a) than her appearance suggested. She had probably witnessed events I only read about in history books.I shivered at the thought, but the chill was instantly dispelled by the undreamt of heat in the room. Damon and I stood in front of a tug of more than two hundred of New Yorks finest socialites, all sitting uncomfortably in hastily pulled together pews. They had no idea how dangerous it was for them to be there.I pulled at my collar and tie, which suddenly felt too tight, my vision blurring. The room shifted and morphed, and for just a second, the finery and skin of every wedding attendee melted off as though theyd been caught up in a blaze. Skin flaked off like corn husks, leaving behind pure- vacuous bone and twisted tendons.Stefan Damon hissed, elbowing me. I realized then that I was clutching his arm. Do I need to call a medic for you? he asked sarcastically.I shook my head, wondering what illness had overcome me. The crowd came back into f ocus, alive, happy, laughing, and fanning themselves discreetly.Even I had to admit that Mrs. Sutherland had done a gaga job working with Mrs. Richards and her housekeepers. A rich red carpet had been laid out, and it was scattered with so many rose petals you could scarcely see the fabric beneath. Pink, white, and loggerheaded, deep red, it looked like a beautiful trail through a magnificent rose garden. Garlands of expensive and exotic flowers hung along the pews, and the scent of orange and lemon was morose in the air. Overhead hung giant balls of flowers like fireworks in petals. Vases in every gothic arched nook and cranny held elegant arrangements of grasses and blooming branches of quince, enhancing the woodland effect.Everyone wore full formal regalia, tailcoats for the men, some with diplomatic sashes. Heavy moire silks for the older women, lighter for the young women, yards and yards of fabric swirled around their feet like more rose petals. Hats were decked out in plum es and gems and sometimes entire birds. And the real heirloom jewelry had been pulled out for this occasion, pearls and diamonds and rubies on every neck and wrist, some gems the size of my thumb.All the women had fans, of course, made from silk and painted in lacquer or England, and they tried to flutter them delicately, but most wound up just flapping them as fast as they could. The ladies opineenances remained stubbornly rosy patronage their efforts to keep pale.Everyone whispered and talked excitedly, and of course I could tune in to any conversation I felt like listening to with my enhanced hearing. I near didnt mean to, because it was the same in every seat so quick. Only met a month ago. Did you hear the story? He was so chivalrous. thriving girl. I hope my Lucretia marries as well.Apparently, the youngest Beaumont threw herself at DeSangue, but he only had eyes for Lydia. such a handsome man And a count yes, but whos that other one again? Marrying Bridget?I closed my eye s, wishing I could close my ears. How I longed to be back in my grotto in the park.Seems like old times, doesnt it, brother? Damon sighed, adjusting one of his cuffs. In another life, you and Rosalyn would be unify already. Shut up, I express. He was right, though. If Katherine hadnt killed my childhood playmate, I would have married her. Back then, I thought a forced marriage with someone I didnt love was the worst fate imaginable. How innocent I was.I go on smiling, although it must have looked forced by that point. My eyes darted over the crowd, seeking out anyone in a badly matched scarf. That morning I had managed to grab and drainage a pair of white doves, initially intended to be released as a romantic gesture after the wedding ceremony. But when was the last time Damon had fed? Or did he have a big, bloody feast planned?Look at us, together, Damon whispered, nodding at someone in the crowd and smiling. We make quite a handsome pair.Im doing this, I whispered, to save liv es. Now be quiet.Damon rolled his eyes. Youre no fun, brother. I hope you develop a sensory faculty of humor soon, or its going to be a loooooong eternity.The wedding march began, saving me from having to respond.Margarets husband and Bram, ushers, came down the aisle first. The remaining ushers were callow youths who flirted outrageously with the bridesmaids they escorted. The girls wore pretty matching peach gowns and absolutely giant hats but I noticed that one had a slightly different accessory from the rest. Hilda wore a hastily buttoned kerchief around her neck.I glared at Damon.He shrugged. I got a little peckish waiting around.In truth, I was a little relieved it meant he wasnt starving himself in anticipation of something later.Finally came Winfield, proudly striding down the aisle with a daughter on each arm. Lydia walked regally and easily. She wore a simple white gown of heavy material whose folds rustled with her movements. It went to the top of her neck and the bott om of her wrists, and its only ornamentation was a line of pearl buttons down the front. A net hide hung behind her, floating down her back. She looked like a fairy-tale queen, and smiled with a secretive look that only added to her beauty.On Winfields left arm was Bridget, wearing her brocade and satin. She really looked quite beautiful, if a bit overdone. An enormous lace veil perched on top of her head like a crown. It was hard to imagine, now, that Id ever seen anything of Callie in her. Where Bridget was frilly and immature, Callie had been independent and practical.Thinking of Callie now was a bad idea.Time slowed down. Bridgets foot rose and fell, bringing her a few inches closer to me. Her skirts drew forward, as if of their own accord. Her mouth opened and closed in a giggle that sounded far-off and distorted. And then came the distinctive scent of lemon and ginger.Everything blurred Katherine?Suddenly, instead of Bridget coming toward me robed as a bride was the woman who had brought me to this place. Her thick black hair was caught up in a lace veil, revealing her perfect shoulders and neck. The blue cameo gleamed on her neck. She lower her head demurely, but beneath her long lashes her eyes danced mischievously in my direction. She pursed her lips and I felt my knees weaken.Did Damon see her, too? I looked askance at my brother, to see if he was thinking or seeing the same thing I was. Whatever compelled me to feel the way I did about Katherine, true love or a vampires Power, I was still under her spell, haunted by her. But Damons face was a perfect mask of happiness and love.Time started back up again. Bridget resumed her place in my sight, smiling excitedly up at me.And then the girls were before us, and the non-Christian priest was there, and rings were in our hands.It was, thankfully, a fairly short ceremony. The priest gave a speech about love and read several nice passages from the Bible that I would have liked in any other circumstance. I wasnt sure whether to pray that the priest go on, and on, and on, and give me as much time as possible before the inevitable, or if he should just make haste up and get it over with.If anyone here knows of any impediment why these two couples may not be lawfully joined together in matrimony, you do now confess it.I looked around the room, hoping someone would stand up and object. Maybe Margaret would speak out, with some sort of proof that Damon DeSangue wasnt who he said he was, or that I was some sort of Confederate spy, or The oldest sister shook her head and gritted her teeth, but kept silent. I may have imagined it, but I think her mothers hand had an iron grip on her knee.Damon went first, marrying the elder bride. I wasnt listening there seemed to be a dull boom in my ears that was so loud I was surprised no one else could hear it.What was going to happen when it was over? Would the Sutherlands make it through this night? Would I be forced, on my wedding day, to fight my own brother to the conclusion?Repeat after me, the priest finally said. I did as I was told.I, Stefan Salvatore, take thee, Bridget Lynn Cupbert Sutherland, to be my wedded wife, to have and to hold, from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, to love and to cherish, till death us do part.I almost choked, and could only hope that the audience thought I was overwhelmed with emotion.I, Bridget Lynn Cupbert Sutherland, take thee, Stefan, to be my wedded husband, to have and to hold, from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, to love and to cherish, till death us do part. She forgot my surname, and from the look in her eyes it was because she was thinking about the night before.And then there was a ring in my hand. A simple gold band with my and Bridgets initials inscribed on the inside. Precious metal binding me to my fate.I took Bridgets hand. My voice came out surprisingly cle ar and calm. With this ring, I thee wed, and with my worldly goods I thee endow, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. I slipped it on her finger. She squealed in joy.I kissed her. It was hard and quick, hopefully long enough for the audience to appreciate. Bridget clung to me, trying to make the importation last. She tasted of mint. I felt terrible.And just like that, I was a married vampire.

First Year Writing Essay

The first year biology studys and account statement major of YU are every told asking themselves the same question How is First Year report going to help me? As an accounting major in the Syms School of Business, I was exceedingly troubled by the university requirement to take first year writing as well. How will FYW help me with balance sheets? I asked myself. How will this phratry buy the farm me an accounting internship this summer that I so desperately need to improve my resume? Seemingly, FYW will not supporter me in realizing my professional aspirations.Furthermore, the requirements of a triplex curriculum are taxing enough without the added labor an extra, un needed requirement. Having displaceed the incline, I believe that First Year Writing should be mandatory for all students for collar reasons FYW raises students awareness of critical pedagogyal issues, it develops their writing skills, and cultivates intellectual independence. In my First Year Writing clas s, I was first exposed to articles that dealt with program lineal issues such(prenominal) as the promotion of online-education and the advancement of math and science at the expense of the Liberal Arts.My professor began a class discussion well-nigh the popularization of online education by assigning David Brooks article The Campus Tsunami. Brooks documents the millions of dollars dedicated by elite colleges such as Harvard and M. I. T. to e-learning the year. Before reflecting upon and researching the issue, I thought of e-learning as a convenient, cheap and efficient form of education. Brookss article confirmed my initial feelings. However, in this FYW required readings like an An Elite College Education, Online? (which were response garner to Brooks article) and Summa Cum Avaritia by Nick Brommel that force me to engage the alternative point of veiw. These two articles argue that online classes should not supplant the class experience because online classes reconceive knowled ge as information (Brommel,73).Brommel distinguishes between knowledge and information and argues that online classes can convey only the latter. Students are delivered the facts but are not forced to synthesize the information with the rest of what they know. In the traditional classroom, professors introduce the students to omprehensive knowledge, not simply information. After reading these articles, I concluded that e-learning diminishes the quality of education. Simply put, online education cannot supplement the classroom experience. As a result of FYWs student discussions and assigned readings, I reconsidered and, ultimately, shifted my view of e-learning. only if who cares that you changed your view of e-learning? one might ask. But my view on e-learning has consequences. It might determine who I vote for (candidates disagree about online education) and, perhaps, the future choices I willmake regarding my childrens education. Although I do not perplex children, I hope to one day. ) In addition to raising my awareness of outstanding educational issues, FYW gave me the opportunity to improve my writing skills. Before submitting my first essay, I went to the writing center for help. After I read over the essay to the professor at the writing center, he put a big X on the paper and recommended that I plunderly summary my ideas before beginning the writing process. Where is your thesis statement? Why does each one of your paragraphs have three different ideas? he asked. Quickly realizing that I was a novice writer, the professor gave me some instructive tips.Now, before I start writing an essay, I outline what I want to say in each paragraph. And after much practice, I have a better understanding of how to formulate a clear thesis statement, simply my supporting paragraphs, and avoid general sweeping statements. In short, FYW has made myself and students like me better writers. Nevertheless, a science or business major might question whether writing is always a valuable skill. I maintain that the skill of writing assists is necessary for success as college student and professional, regardless of ones major or career.In my first semester at YU, I was assigned a term paper in my management course, in which I was expected to clearly answer personal questions like what is your vision for your career? No amount of biology or accounting could provide me with the tools necessary to answer the above question. FYW enabled me to both reflect upon and clearly articulate my professional aspirations. In addition to helping one in the classroom, developed writing skills, assist one in the workplace as well. Again, in my first semester, I asked my accounting professor to push off the exam so that I could finish an essay due that day.As I offered my excuse, I began to ramble about the impracticality of writing for accountants. My professor sighed and then replied, When are you kids going to learn that writing is important even in accounting? H e explained that writing skills are necessary in order to communicate financial statements in a coherent manner. seedy written reports with grammatical errors will lack credibility. Conversely, a well drafted report will be readily understood. My professors example reflects Brent Stapless description of writing as a critical strategy for students to prepare them to succeed in the work place (34).But as Mark Sloukas article Dehumanized demonstrates, Staples and my accounting professors view of writing does not fully capture the importance of writing and the humanities. Most importantly, FYW has forced me to buzz off intellectually independent. As a former soldier in the Israeli Defense forces, I struggled with the adjustment to Yeshiva University flavour. In the I. D. F. , I lived a life of obedience I ate when told to eat, slept when told to sleep, and even showered was I was told to shower.Israeli soldiers live by the adage, rosh bakir, which roughly translates to dont think, j ust do. In contrast to the IDF, my FYW course styled itself off of Mark Edmunsons concept of democratic thinking, where each student is encouraged and, in fact, expected to offer his own thoughts. During my year and half huge army service, my life choices were made for me. But upon entering YU, my FYW course required that I apply intellectual independence in evaluating the Purpose of Liberal Arts, a difficult task for a soldier whose bathroom breaks were previously timed.Initially, I viewed my professor as commander and myself as soldier. I relied on her exact directions about how to write the essay at hand. Quickly, my professor identified my dependency and challenged me to develop and articulate my own thoughts. But one need not serve in the army in order to fear independence. Like soldiers, students who simply who go with the flow depend heavily on things like social pressure and maternal guidance. FYW forces students to exercise their intellectual independence in reflecting o n big questions like Purpose of Liberal Arts.Throughout this essay, I have argued that that First Year Writing should be mandatory for all students for three basic reasons. First, FYW raises awareness about critical life issues of which online education is but a single example. Second, even accounting majors who may not interested in the humanities can apply the writing skills they acquired from FYW when doing assignments for other classes and, eventually, when drafting financial statements. But most importantly, FYW should be mandatory because it forces students to exercise their intellectual independence.

Conventional Cytogenetic Report

This report is studying about conventional cytogenetic, and we will contract on a technique called karyotyping. This repot is going to introduce about the definition, the history and the improvements of karyotyping made before, what is the process and the working principle of this technique and also how if screwing be applied in our daily life. Karyotyping is a test to examine chromosomes in a sample of cells, which can help identify genetic problems as the cause of a disorder or disease. The term karyotyping is come from karyotype, which is the characteristic chromosome complement of a eukaryote species.The preparation and study of karyotypes is part of cytogenetics. In the center(a) and late 18th century, scientists were aware of the presence of chromosomes but had difficulty studying them because of their extremely small size. Chromosomes were first observed in plant cells by a scientist called Karl Wilhelm von Nageli in 1842, but since the samples they took had small chromosom es. After the development of genetics in the early 20th century, when it was appreciated that the set of chromosomes, the karyotype was the carrier of the genes.Another scientist Levitsky seems to have been the first to trammel the karyotype as the phenotypic appearance of the somatic chromosomes, in contrast to their genic contents. It took until the middle 1950s until it became generally accepted that the karyotype of humans included only 46 chromosomes. Rather interestingly, the great apes have 48 chromosomes. Human chromosome 2 was formed by a merger of ancestral chromosomes, which reducing the number. Investigation into the human karyotype took many years to settle by two famous scientists Hans von Winiwarter and Theophilus Shickel Painter.Hans von Winiwarter examined normal human diploid cells to try and define the number of chromosomes that humans have. In his time, guesses ranged from 16 to 36. He used the most powerful microscopes available in his day in one of the first a ccurate karyotyping attempts, and counted specifically between 46 and 49 chromosomes in his samples in 1912. He concluded that females had two X chromosomes and males had only one X chromosome and no Y chromosome. Theophilus Shickel Painter in 1922 was not certain whether the diploid number of humans was 46 or 48, at first favouring 46.He revised his opinion later from 46 to 48, and he correctly insisted on humans having an XX/XY system. And there are two advanced skills in karyotyping. The first one is Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP), this method is going to investigate the use of virtual karyotypes for diagnostically challenging renal epithelial tumors. First is to evaluate 25 archived renal neoplasms where sub-classification could not be rendered based on morphology and other ancillary studies. Then it will start out virtual karyotypes with the Affymetrix 10 K 2. 0 mapping array platform and identify the presence of genomic lesions across all 22 autosomes.The second one is comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH), it is goingto scan the entire genome for variations in DNA model number. Total genomic DNA is isolated from test and reference cell populations, differentially denominate and hybridized to metaphase chromosomes or DNA microarrays. The relative hybridization intensity of the test and reference signals at a given location is then proportional to relative copy number of those sequences in the test and reference genomes. The increases and decreases in the intensity ratio directly indicate DNA copy-number variation in the genome of the test cells.

Economic Impact of Affordable Care Act Essay

Impact of the Affordable Care Act The current healthcare system over burdens the economy and is far too costly in comparison to the health benefits it delivers. The United States spends about 50 per centum more on healthcare than any other developed country (as a split of our total national economy) and we get less for it on what matters. The human capital required to obtain these services leaves many another(prenominal) Americans doing without or not receiving the medical preaching required. The Affordable Care Act may be the most controversial legislation in the modern era.It is marketed as healthcare expansion to about 30 million more Americans. The ACA is in any case designed to do away with few of the unfair elements of the current system. Health insurers currently are able to deny mickle coverage for pre-existing conditions which shuffles out of pocket costs out of reach for most Americans. As with any piece of federal lawmaking, the ACA was the product of political via media among parties and interests. (Turner) However, the ACA should help to cleanse the GDP in the vast run. In the short term period, the increase in economic security for American families will also mean an increase in consumer spending.Many uninsured consumers are forced to set aside bullion in low interest liquid accounts to make sure they have enough to cover unexpected medical costs. With the security erectd by health insurance, they can free that money up for consumption that is a lot more valuable to them. When the federal government expanded Medicaid in the 1990s, the newly insured significantly increased their spending on consumer goods. (Brodwin) More purchases of consumer goods will provide short-run stimulation to the economy and more hiring. Opponents of the act have countered this theory saying it will freeze hiring in some industries.Some employers may impel hiring new workers, at least partly to avoid the high costs of the laws mandated health coverage. Th e health law will require alone employers with more than 50 workers to provide health insurance or pay a fine of $2,000 to $3,000 per worker every year. (Yoo) These added costs could result in companies losing the money needed to grow their businesses and hire new workers. It is feared that small business, usually the nations most robust job creators, will be hit hardest and many say the requirement would wipe out their profits. It is alleged that the slow down in hiring has already begin inanticipation of the ACA. The total cost for healthcare in the US is around 16 percent of Gross Domestic Product, known as GDP. What we pay to doctors and insurance companies directly are included in this, as well as what we pay indirectly to Medicare and other programs. 16 cents of every dollar spent on groceries or clothes that will go to healthcare. This is very high in comparison to most other developed countries that pay between 9-12 percent of GDP. The difference in GDP is almost 5 percent, which works out to be more than half the annual federal deficit.The biggest fear associated to the Affordable Care Act is likely about the financing and job-killing taxes. there are three primary sources that the law applies new taxes to. The first is on parts of the health care industry like medical devices, pharmaceuticals, and insurance. (Turner) These areas that are receiving a new tax are being asked to kick back some of the newly created revenue resulted from an increase in paying customers provided by the law. These sectors should benefit on net in a large way. The second is an extension of the Medicare tax on the wealthiest Americans, those with incomes above $250,000 per year.The impact of tax changes on the highest income taxpayers will avoid some of those taxes by re-categorizing their incomes in ways that minimize taxes. There is nothing that suggests that the upper class will actually work less, invest less, or do anything which reduces their true(a) contribution to the economy. The third major tax provision is a free rider penalty of $2000 to $3000 (per employee) on medium and large businesses that fail to provide workers with cheap coverage, forcing those workers to get subsidized insurance via the new insurance exchanges.This will indeed impose a new financial burden on businesses that, unlike competitors, do not pay their fair share of health insurance costs. But the overall impact is likely to be very small. Only 2. 6 percent of businesses will pay this assessment, and the revenue raised will amount to 1. 4 percent of existing spending on health insurance in the U. S. and single 0. 1 percent of wages. ( Turner) The ACA should raise employment numbers for the medical industry in the short run, more than any partial offsets from new taxes on that sector.The ACA should improve the functioning of our labor market in the medium run, by allowing workers to move to the positions in which they are most productive and satisfied without fear of jo b control or losing health benefits. The economic slowdown from taxes on the upper class or the small equity payments imposed on employers should be minimal. In the long run there is a good chance the economy will improve by controlling health care cost. The choice between protect our most vulnerable citizens and improving our economy is a false one.The ACA should do both. Works Cited Brodwin, David. How the Affordable Care Act Helps the U. S. Economy. US News. U. S. News & instauration Report, 29 Mar. 2012. Web. 03 Mar. 2013. Turner, Grace M. Pro&Con Affordable Care Act Will Impose New Burdens on Consumers, Businesses. SouthCoastToday. com. N. p. , 02 Mar. 2013. Web. 03 Mar. 2013. Yoo, Saerom. Mid-Valley Social run. MidValley Social Services Economic Effect of Medicaid Expansion under Affordable Care Act Comments. N. p. , 07 Feb. 2013. Web. 03 Mar. 2013.

Battling over bottled water

Spring, which is on a private deer-hunting ranch, to the bottling plant. Locals ar questioning whom the water Nestle is pumping belongs to. The argument is that although Nestle owns the land, the water is a public resource. Within the Utilitarian theory, in the eyes of the Nestle Company, their actions can be deemed ethical for the accompaniment that the bottling plant has created a substantial amount of jobs for the locals. It was stated that the 262 million gallons of water being pumped are less than one percent of the annual charge rate of the local watershed.The sacrifice of a scurvy percentage of the public body of water to create jobs and bottled water is ethical within the utilitarian theory. In Robert Nicks entitlement theory, you are entitled to as much property as you want, as long as it was acquired the pay off way. Sanctuary Springs is viewed as a public source of water. Which means Nestle is completely entitled to practise the water, whether that means drinking it o r pumping it to a bottling plant. Nestles actions are completely ethical within Nicks theory.Under John trail theory of ethics, Nestles actions are ethical as well. Rails theory states that the action must benefit the weakest members of society. The union has built bottling plant that employs about a hundred people. Town ship supervisor Maxine McClellan is has stated This is likely the best project weve ever brought into Mascots County A diversified economy where our kids dont have to move away to watch jobs.

Macroeconomics Living Standards

1. line the GDP legal injury index. Identify the person(s) who gave this idea.A GDP price index is a measure of the price of a condition collection of goods and services in a given year as compared to the price of an identical or highly similar collection of goods and services in a reference year.William Stanley Jevons (1835-1882) provided the earliest contribution to the maturement of index numbers. Later Wesley Clair Mitchell (1874-1948) contributed broader efforts to gather statistical selective information and improve economic experts ability to assess economic well-being.2. Define find the concept and measurement of Business Cycles. Identify the person(s) who gave this idea.Economy normally goes through a serial of cycles, of booms and depressions condition. For example, a slowing business activity may undergo revitalisation activity which in bring out results in business prosperity, prosperity then may breed economic crisis, economic crisis then leads to depression, afte r a long period of depression it may then go back to some revival activity which goes back to the same cycle. Business cycles could represent the most serious of economic instability. Survey data and cyclical indicators are the most effective measurements of business cycles. This would allow prediction of economic crisis for pr pull downtion purposes.The economist who contributed the most to this idea of business cycles is Wesley Clair Mitchell (1874-1948). John Maynard Keynes formalized the analysis of business cycles.3. Define the idea of palpable interest rate. Identify the person(s) who gave this idea.The real interest rate is calculated from the nominal rate of interest, change for compounding, minus the inflation rate. Real interest rate is will depend primarily on the inconstant inflation rates which poses some risk on borrowers and lenders.The person who gave meaning to real interest rates was Irving Fisher (1867-1947). The increase in nominal interest rates in anticipati on of inflation is even called as Fisher Effect because of his contribution.4. Indicate who first advanced the modern theory of business cycles and where he taught.John Maynard Keynes contributed the most on the advancement of modern theory of business cycles. He lectured in Cambridge.ReferencesC. MacConnell, S. Brue (2005). economic science Principles, Problems, and Policies, 16/e. Origins of Idea (Chapter 7). Retrieved January 7, 2007 fromhttp//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072819359/student_view0/chapter7/origin_of_the_idea.htmlC. MacConnell, S. Brue (2005). Economics Principles, Problems, and Policies, 16/e. Origins of Idea (Chapter 8). Retrieved January 19, 2007 fromhttp//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072819359/student_view0/chapter8/origin_of_the_idea.html

Explain why the open war Essay

World contendfare 1 had begun in August with both sides certain that their sudden attacks with cavalry and infantry would create a war of rapid movement, which would bring them a swift victory. The ending of this curtain raising and build up towards a stationary war of fixed entrenchment was not further due to the failure of the Schlieffen invent and image cardinal, but the problems in communications, problems faced through and through tactics and strategies and the role of the commanders throughout the planning and progression of the war. The possibility of further outflanking movements was gone.The initially hastily constructed trenches of the allied forcers as well ask on a more permanent look as two massive armies consisting of everywhere 4 million men faced each other over 800 kilometres of continuous trench lines from the coast of Belgium to the Swiss border. For the next four years, the rival commanders struggled and blundered in an attempt to catch a way to break th e stalemate, which had emerged by the end of 1914. In order to break the stalemate on that point were two major offensives remembered from 1916, which both failed but were attempts none the less.Both sides had become aware that it was easier to hold a defensive position than it was to launch an offensive. However, this did not stop them, launching repeated disastrous offensives, relying on incubus of men, artillery and supplies to crumble the opposition through attrition and each side endeavored to weaken the other. The generals decided only a big push would be able to break through the enemy lines and restart the war of rapid movement. This was not achieved until the attrition of 1915-18 finally weakened the German lines in mid-1918.The Schlieffen Plan, originally devised by Alfred von Schlieffen, the so German Army Chief of Staff, in 1905, was the German Plan which would they would implement to avoid a war on two fronts. Schlieffen argued that France had to be toss offed as so on as possible in the import of a great European War. If that were to happen, Schlieffen realised that Russia and France would be unwilling to continue fighting. In addition, Schlieffen estimated that it would take Russia sixsome weeks to mobilise her forces in preparation for war against them. Thus, he reasoned that Germany would have six weeks in which to defeat France and surrender.On August 2nd 1914 the Schlieffen Plan was put into effect and the German Army began its advance upon France through Belgium. The delicate plan was upset with the early arrival of the British Expeditionary Force under Sir buttocks French, significant resistance by the Belgian Army, resistance of the Belgians and the early arrival of Russian Forces. The German implementations and strategies relied too heavily on the Schlieffen Plan itself. The plan greatly depended on speed and movement, the strict deadline of 42 days was impractical, this unreasonable goal was pushed further away from the Germans.G eneral von Moltke did not follow through the original Schlieffen Plan instead, he had shifted the numbers of the planned armies and therefore altered the balance for the plan to work. All these events led up to the Battle of the Marne, the first major battle on the Western Front. The French Allied victory at this battle marked the failure of the Schlieffen Plan, and the death of any German hope for a quick fateful victory. The German forces were not only to blame for the reason of stationary war during 1914, the problems with the French Plan XVII also contributed to the fact.

Interfaith Dialogue in a Multi Faith Australia Essay

Australia is a multi cultural country containing a total range of ethnic totallyy and religiously diverse peoples, allowing benefits for Australian society. However, it cannister pose a potential altercate to social harmony and cohesion because to one faith the idea of what is scared or important whitethorn contrast entirely with another. Interfaith dialogue is and so an effective method for avoiding such clashes.It is a feces aimed towards promoting and apprehension different religious traditions, and to clear up any misunderstandings or conflicts. Though debate and public debate can be an issue, it is not what it aims to promote, Wendy Wilkie, a Uniting church Delegate stated many Christians and Muslims would construe the only reason you talk to somebody of another faith is to convert them to your own which is why these discussions can be difficult.The four principles of Dialogue are it begins when people meet each other, depends on mutual understanding and trust, makes it possible to share in service to the community and Dialogue becomes the medium of authentic witness. These principles are all effective and vital to help sustain peace between religions in such a multi-faith country, and therefore Inter-faith Dialogue is of great importance in Australia.A large number of Inter faith initiatives bewilder taken place in Australia an example is the Australian National Dialogue of Christians, Muslims and Jews, beginning in bunt 2003 aiming to provide opportunities for these faiths to build understanding and to clarify contentious issues with their respective faiths. Since the amount of religious diversity in Australia is so great, the importance of discussion and resolution through Inter-Faith dialogue is crucial, as clashes between these faiths is an inevitable reality.