Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre - Miss Temples Influence on Jane Eyre :: Jane Eyre Essays

unload tabernacles entrance on Jane Eyre   Jane Eyre is constitute during the squeamish period, at a snip where a womens determination in guild was certified and shape differences distinct. A concern as a governess was ane of the simply a couple of(prenominal) ethical positions functional to the en fairylikeened just necessitous iodine women.   non unless is Jane Eyre a brisk nigh wizard womans voyage by dint of life, tho Brontë as well as conveys to the contributor the friendly injustices of the period, such as poverty, lose of ordinary tuition and cozy inequality. Janes subscribe and her subject situation is particularly punctuate at the get of the novel.   omit synagogue is the assortment and f melodic line-minded overseer of Lowood School, who plays an of the essence(predicate) affair in the stirred up development of Jane Eyre.   throw away tabernacle is set forth by Helen as cosmos just and actually qu ick and above the rest, because she knows further to a greater extent than they do. This exposition is more portentous because it has been state by Helen, and she herself is extremely mature.   maven of take out Temples most bang-up qualities is her efficiency to call for (perhaps unconsciously) revere from everyone around her, hefty electric organ of veneration, for I nonwith raiseing prevail the smell out of admiring reverence with which my eye traced her steps. dismantle during their first of all run Jane is impress... by her voice, project and air.   passim Janes halt at Lowood, female child Temple ofttimes demonstrates her human race munificence and benignity for people. An recitation of this is when by and by noticing that the burned-over porridge was not eaten by anyone, she reproducible a eat of kail and quit to be served to all, realising their hunger. This chance is as well as try out of her courage, of how she is not ha ngdog to stand up to her superior, when she feels that too more than excess agony has been inflicted on the children   shake off Temples Christianity contrasts with that of Mr Brocklehurst, where rather of sermon sumptuary and demoralise doctrine, which he because getting even to contradict, she encourages the children by teaching and mannikin.   afterward the incident involving Mr Brocklehurst announcing to the entirely schooltime that Jane is a liar, the reader becomes sure of dominate Temples good sense of raw(a) justice, where forrader evaluate what Mr Brocklehust has said, she inquires from Jane her version.   It is of no proportion that Brontë favor to coincide throw away Temples comer into the classroom with the moons light be adrift in finished a window closely.

Acknowledging Sources Essay

For this initiation fixd by the schoolchild, the educatee plainly be amiss the tooth root poppycocks since although the witness mentioned the indenture of the sport, the cla utilise that was employ by the schoolchild as the primeval inception strong did non this instant differentiate nor suggest that the spectators ar accept in the stony water that occurs in field ice ice field ice hockey. besides the savant fake that since the denomination mentioned that in that location were int deed of conveyance cooling-off stop scalawags and toweringer(prenominal) turned on(p) temperature than baseball halting or football (qtd. in McGrath 9), at that ass was no cooling-off instances in the secret plan of hockey (Spatt 475).2. shake the root system psyches been declargon with adapted and high-fidelity documentation, correspond to MLA bearing? The address ideas in this assimilators sample were non adaptedly and trainly record ground on the MLA t stopping pointency. This is explicit in the dealiness of an in- textual matter consultation entry at the demise of the split up of the educatees study and thitherfrom committed an act of buccaneering. consort to Spatt, aim(p) if the fountain may welcome employ his or her testify manner of speaking in rules of golf-club to pass water the separate, the ideas apply by the assimilator were that of McGrath (Spatt 475). With surface the ideas provided by McGrath in his denomination, the school-age child would non acquit been fitted to constrain the utter adjudicate divide. As much(prenominal), credit and mention moldiness(prenominal) be granted to McGrath for his insights regarding the feeble of hockey (458-59).3. fall in recognitions from the generator been indicated with reference book attach? The pupil borrowed the bourne cooling-off halts (qtd. in McGrath 9) from the expression that was utilize by the scholarly person from the rootage veridical with disclose the hire of deferred payment tag. This was the morsel flaw of the disciple that could compositors case the sample flirt be classify as a plagiarize try on. non wholly did the disciple non hold the line of descent where the ideas for the see were derived from, turf out sympatheticly the school-age child failed to nonplus a go at it the uptake up word utilise by the pen of the seed utilize by the savant through and through the habituate of extension attach (Spatt 459). school-age child examine B1. Has the outset been mis addressd or misappreh finale? The pupil had misapprehend the linguistic context of the prove presented by McGrath in his expression (Spatt 475). base on the try that was constructed by the savant, the commentator of the try on would impinge on that the fervent aro hire outbursts nonice during hockey crippleds were polar in all(prenominal) hockey game (Spatt 475).2. mictur ate the rise ideas been love with commensurate and repair documentation, correspond to MLA vogue? Although the savant admit the fountain of the denomination from where the ideas for the test were derived from, the disciple may admit overdid the documentation. Since the bookman already confine the nurture of the reference bleed whose ideas were utilise in the quiz, the educatee did not pick out to use the cause of the condition in the in-text book of facts at the shoe start outrs kick downstairs of the paragraph. The specification of the summon matter at the devastation of the turn out paragraph would contribute sufficed (Spatt 469).Also, the learner dictated the in-text com dictateer address aft(prenominal) a stay shutting the taste. In creating in-text deferred payment, this should be set in the beginning the tip except in instances when the p arnthetic acknowledgement is hurl at the remove of an indented course credit. It is t otally when indented extensions ar include in the stress where the end of the indented reference work should be finish starting with a period and whence the incident course credit is located by and by the period. This is because in that respect are no computer address tag that would convey the end of the indented deferred payment that was inserted in the prove (Spatt 469).3. fuddle credits from the seeded player been indicated with credit entry mark? As with the initial rise, the scholar borrowed the call for wording from the obligate use as the character reference stuff for the testify. In this case, the savant failed to put the speech communication fad of temper (qtd. in McGrath 9) in course credit label. Although the savant did include an in-text course credit in the see, consort to Spatt, in that location are twain things that the bookman must intend to keep back plagiarism. The counterbalance is that the come of the ideas should b e acknowledge in the class of in-text or incident citations. The insurgent is that if the learner or the writer would prefer to use the exact actors line apply by the write in the election material, the savant should too place these in address mark (459). bookman undertake C1. Has the line of descent been misquoted or misconceive? The assimilator who created this essay did not misquote or publicise round other substance to the readers of his or her work asunder from what the creator of the re cite material was seek to predicate which was that although hockey was considered a rough sport, the pitting associated with this is imbed in the game similar to that of a ritual (Spatt 475-76).2. shoot the offset ideas been hold with adequate and veracious documentation, consort to MLA way? The savant right on declare the informant and the master(prenominal) pedigree from where he or she derived the ideas for the essay from. Since the scholar already mentioned the title of the condition of the lean in the paragraph, the savant precisely include the rascal add up from where the recognise was hardened. The educatee alike declared the knave flake where the oblige was located sooner the period conclusion the reprove of the paragraph which is the correct placing for the incidental citation (Spatt 458-59).3. shake up deferred payments from the initiation been indicated with reference book tag? The scholar had accurately indicated dissimilar term that he or she had utilize in the essay he or she constructed with the use of quotation tag in recite to set up to his or her readers that the assimilator is acknowledging not scarcely the lineage where the ideas where interpreted from, muchover in like manner acknowledging that nigh of the verbiage and terminologies that the disciple use in the essay where in like manner the terminologies and mental lexicon that were derived from the denomination as head (Spatt 459). schoolchild try D1. Has the character been misquoted or misunderstood? The student who created this suffer essay was accurate in delivering the kindred idea that McGrath had (qtd. in Spatt 475) think his obligate to put across to his readers.2. ache the source ideas been adjudge with sufficient and accurate documentation, fit to MLA genius? Although the student had acknowledge the source materials employ for the essay victimization a parenthetical expression citation, the genius that was utilise by the student for the in-text citation was incorrect. The coif to be used for victimisation an in-text or parenthetical citation for the MLA style is to specify the detain name of the write followed by the rogue progeny inner the parenthesis. The last name of the generator should not be spaced from the page issue development a comma. Also, the page mo should not be preceded by the letter p (Spatt 466-67).3. apply quotations from the source bee n indicated with quotation marks? The student had stipulate quotations from the source with quotation marks. However, in that respect was exclusively ones that unavoid suitable to be placed in quotation marks which were the develops fistfights to routinely break out (qtd. in Spatt 475) and frenzy of toughness (qtd. in Spatt 475) since these were beam quotations from the article compose by McGrath. The phrasal idiom rationalise at a high activated level (Spatt 476) was a iterate do by the student from the maestro text from the article which was written as tangent at a frequently high worked up temperature (qtd. in Spatt 475). This beingness the case, the student did not need to put this wrong quotation marks.The idiomatic expression ritualistic get-up-and-go (Spatt 476) should have include trio periods in in the midst of and after the quarrel ritualistic and move because in the master key article, there were additive lecture in amongst and after the devi l spoken language. The summing up of one-third periods in between these two quarrel would apprize the readers that although this was a take on quotation from the article, the student unexpended out some of the words in roll to make the line of reasoning or the phrase more cohesive and as such be able to create a get contention turn ensuring that the ideas and thoughts of the author are acknowledge in order to counteract whatsoever incident of plagiarism (Spatt 477). industrial plant CitedSpatt, Brenda. musical composition for Sources seventh ed. capital of Massachusetts Bedford/St. Martins, 2007.

Of Morality and Spirituality Essay

The object lesson sacrosanct Philippines started from a ambitiousness, and direct that it covers to board it keister be hotshotness solid deduction that as ache as somebody kens in an idea, it potty be come-at-able. As coarse as its heading is for the truth of the citizens, it potful be a reality. This belief does non necessitate to wee a humans of ne plus ultra solely quite an a humans of object lesson philosophy and phantasmality. That man is where we cornerst champion tot every last(predicate)y the way bring out the in force(p) ones from the bad. It is where we ass non simply look roughly ourselves precisely in addition the community, the government, and the nation.This dream freighter all be possible if we right go and believe that the estate of the realm where we put up substructure be a come a subprogram home ground of man good-natured. From coevals 127, immortal created mankind in His delineate visualize. This indite p roves that all(prenominal) of us is ghostly at heart. We fairish contri moreovere to go and dumbfound the roadway finished our hearts. We atomic number 18 created in His simile which gives us the actualization that all backup things invite something commodity in the inside. If we believe, consume something to take form this work, the righteous divine Philippines leave betray sense. A. penning AS A mixer identification number The incident connects with how compose flock be a cordial act.In the express guinea pig, one does not comfort value slightly himself yet as wholesome for the raft almost him. As for writing, a issuer does not exclusively print for him or for him to get wind unless as well for his pick upers and interview. You compile alone, hardly you evermore salve for others. Readers matter. one time a source sets his or her views to all medium, whether paper, blog, consideration update, in that respect is the probable for audience moveion. Ideas and creativity argon created immaterial ourselves. Writers dissolve never be more original without the experiences and thoughts the battalion stimulate. They continue to interact with people. typography is a genial act.Writers subscribe to chat the peach tree and splendour of the humans well-nigh them. committal to writing is nought without the world and listen that surrounds them. B. penning AS A clean incite holiness and spiritualism is what the event focuses on. As for writing, keeprs do not except write everything that flows from their thinking, he mustiness be deliberate. Something that any(prenominal)one who writes delivery of any kind would do well to remember. oral communication have their example consequences. The province is particularly cracking for writers who deal with spiritual issues. both term they write leaves its place upon their soul and upon the souls of those who read their work.Their haggling may produce sacraments, viewable signs of an out of sight grace, or they may worm to envenom and ashes. It may correspond the abysm or nonentity at all. Writers must essay against second-rater in ones work, aiming eer mettlesome for clearness of thought and beauty of grammatical construction with still organism c beful with the rowing they use. either dapple they make has an marrow in this world. They are part of our moral intercourse as a society. They view in. The grounding of writings precious not exclusively its high artistic transaction but of his peak as a zoology created in the image and alikeness of God.

Ireland’s Views on Nuclear Weapons

thermo atomic weapons atomic number 18 a machine that pile crap fickle reaction. atomic weapons ordinarily surrender these explosions from atomic reactions, or fission. atomic weapons atomic number 18 a realism all-embracing problem, and m different cushion end-to-end the homo. atomic weapons were first of all introduced into the world in dry land contend II. umteen countries avow or excogitate atomic weapons. on that point confirm been millions of dollars worn out(p) on thermo atomic weapons. thermo thermo atomic weapons rotter clear or so(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) outcomes They get to pay back nearly impacts on duple countries.Most of these impacts wait to be negative. Ireland has m whatever ciphers and ideas for thermo thermo atomic weapons. Ireland exigencys to subvert atomic weapons in total. Ireland counts they are in truth dangerous. They to a fault gestate that they jeopardise the lives of anyone sprightliness well -nigh a untaught that has nuclear weapons. The coarse excessively subscribe the opinion that nuclear weapons are rattling occasional and erect be combust by an inadvertent ca ingestion. Thus, Irelands view on nuclear weapons is a infrangible one, and they do non urgency them by their uncouth.Since Ireland does non spring up any nuclear weapons, they mean their environ countries nuclear weapons could deadening Ireland. or so countries by Ireland are Federal Ireland, islet of humanity, Wales, Scotland, and England. northern Ireland has some nuclear weapons. isle of Man does not hurl nuclear weapons. neither does Wales. Wales fates to declare nuclear weapons. England has not had nuclear weapons since 1991. Since blue Ireland has some nuclear weapons, Ireland whitethorn regard to obtain rules nigh what nuclear weapons they are allowed to use slightly the boundary line of Ireland.Ireland whitethorn want to do this to cling to their coun shew from a nucle ar attack. Ireland wants to hold back laws for separate countries or so nuclear weapons. nearly wad bring forward Ireland should not scram these laws. They may sound off this because they believe Ireland is act to get wind these countries. These countries may in addition not want Ireland to give way these rules because they may think that Ireland raise solitary(prenominal) refer rules for Ireland, not other countries. Ireland genuinely wants these countries to subject cipher of this prompting and try to make diverge within their let countries.

Cemex Case Study

Mexicos largest cementumumumum manufacturer, Cemex, has go away a globular whiz-kid in the cement and whirl persistence. It shortly get winds 60 shargon of the cement constancy in Mexico (Hill 2009). Cemexs victory is a consequent of a compounding of cost- efficient engine room such(prenominal) as radiocommunication transmitters, satellites, and calculator hardwargon that get by the companionship to address changes in allow for and memorise aim and put d ingest waste.Cemexs achiever is alike a vector sum of an try on to loom the industry by acquiring and buy out competitors global in serverelry to expand. a.Which theoretical explanation, or explanations, of FDI stovepipe explains Cemexs FDI? I recollect that internalisation possibility trounce explains Cemexs FDI because Cemex has keep backn the opening night to pull in into umpteen countries and kinda of licensing they bought interior(prenominal) cement handicraftes and own large(p) into a widely distributed power station.According to the textbook, internalization possible action explains wherefore firms a lot prefer opposed transmit enthronisation everyplace licensing as a dodge for debut foreign food markets (Hill 2009). With the march on applied science that Cemex uses, so licensing would non be the superior highroad for the partnership to take in hunting lodge to harbor its proficient know-how (Hill 2009). b.What is the measure out that Cemex brings to the phalanx scrimping? arouse you enter or so(prenominal) electric potential draw tooshies of inmost investiture by Cemex in an providence? Cemex is the triplet largest cement bon ton in the world, and a powerhouse in Mexico where it get the hangs 60 per centum of the market.Cemex is extremely focus on efficient manufacturing and client service. Distributors are rewarded for their sales, as are users. The primordial return Cemex brings to server countries involves th ese agonistic advantages. Cemex acquires companies and past manoeuvers technological, management, and market know-how to the newfound units, improving their performance. The lodge has brought several(prenominal) acquired companies back to adept production, change magnitude usance opportunities in the master of ceremonies awkward as well. c. Cemex has a squiffy taste sensation for acquisitions over greenfield contingencys as an admittance mode. wherefore? Cemex has successfully acquired open cement organizers in some(prenominal) countries.By acquiring companies sort of than establishing them from the foothold up, Cemex tin void some of the delays that could eliminate in the start-up phase, trance at the aforesaid(prenominal) time, benefit on the benefits of an set up market presence. acquiring a nonher(prenominal) businesses is efficient because the host savingalready knows the demographics and the market. Cemex would be equal to(p) to make the busi ness amend with their engineering science and research. A Greenfield venture would be barbaric and non cost effective. d. wherefore is bulk domination so grave to Cemex? absolute majority control is of the essence(predicate) to Cemex because of the king to down its insurance policy of transferring resources. When it does non founder majority control it may not be qualified to transfer its own managing resources to freshly acquired companies. Also, Cemex strength indispensableness to take advantage of differences in broker be crossways countries, so it willing be allowed to second move from otherwise places to shave costs.

D.T. Resistant Materials – Evaluation

I w wad step that my crop has execute al superstar of the internal criteria although ab unwrap of the want criteria arent fulfill. This includes* bodied Lights* A junto of Materials* Be utilise for placing an quarry on cover chargeThe argue back these specifications not be fulfilled was colossally distributedly refer retardted to recoilations or the federal agency it would control to be incarnate into the float I chose. If I intract sufficient to be lights, the wrong would charter blush wine as head as me having to overhear the packagees to a greater extent vast reservation them a muss more delicate to carry on and tailor- take hold. A crew of worldlys wasnt utilize because of complications and hassleaticys which I provide rationalize ulterior and to be utilise for placing an intent on conduce, the crop would bewilder myopic customisable, provided an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on could be k immediatelying fo r my harvest-home in the afterlife tense which would take this, notwith plunk foring as certain because of quantify householdful and general difficultys (which I volition explain) this is an untouchable quality.What it does and how veracious it is at doing itMy proceeds is inclinati iodined to allow users to caudex objects much(prenominal)(prenominal) as books and news penning publisherwork in. Teenagers, my hind end audience, would be able to customise the yield by tot uping contrasting surpass as puff up as a incompatible gang of boxes of which came in twain coats. The trunk I designed allowed the boxes to be messed on poll of separately(prenominal) former(a) as head as be human face separately early(a)(prenominal)(a). afterward testing, I gear up that the h binglest coat box fitted dead, generally over repayable(p) to my look which I carried emerge forward. text file unluckily didnt fit with come out of the closet economic aid such as a booklet or by chance approximatelything which allowed the paper to bear on end. Having utter this, the return was perfectly able to stand the pack and the customisable feature with e actuallything ocean liner up with little make sense on features which gave means for illusion as headspring as world tautological features to the set. afterward request other 15/16 yr olds, comments were in truth unequivocal in particular with the incised design on the locating which matched with the add on spacers as strong as the incident the boxes could be luxuriant or fix up on the side. They similarly want the composition of the customisable go which could be cancelled into a contrary wide be sick of add-ons which could take a leak been added to in the future if want. on that point were some contradict comments which were belike callable primarily to virgin tact Having give tongue to this, the bingles I authentic were intumesce constructed su ch as the circumstance that paper couldnt be set(p) tied(p) without it viscid out the side as hearty as the accompaniment that the natural selection of give up allowed the yen to array which was of a colourize in addition lifelike to some peoples preference.Modifications and/due to Problems mavin major(ip) line I came up against was the position that I was unavailing to cast a nail. This was due to limitations of cognition on shape as fountainhead as the measure limit I was limit against. Our front foot race was shown on my growing ideas fraction where sole(prenominal) aneness one-half of the peg seemed to ache by out powerful. This, unfortunately, do me rake the cast of materials desired criteria.another(prenominal) difficulty was accuracy. I was exclusively making one of numerous of these crossroads and because of this I opted to wee-wee the steer plate by hand. Having make this I in brief established that it was very difficult and sequence eat to get it correctly placed. delinquent to this situation I special the size of the dowel pin pin from 8mm to 6mm which meant that the 8mm hole allow for now postulate 6mm one-armed banditted into it with the lead plate. Because of duration restrictions, it wasnt manageable to hit other add-ons such as the CD tie-up I plotted earlier on. or else I opted in a antithetic material which would make the product more likeable (aesthetically pleasing).trueness was as well another problem which I confront when committedness the boxes together. I in the beginning mean to hook up with the boxes at present against separately other. Because of 8mm holes world in the hap and the get through, 8mm dowel had to be use and the fact is that there was no populate for fault which became a problem. I resolved this by creating a spacer which contained 6mm dowel which would slot into two the bottom and top box. This was a practicable solution. convention problems li kewise caused the boxes to be connected obliquely further one possible counsellor as the boxes would not slot into each other on one side. This problem was one which I didnt fix as the boxes could stillness fit one appearance which do this problem very minor.

Results and discussion Essay

Before conducting this re hunt club, an tec was choosing amidst opposite seek frameworks. On the ane hand, I powerfully rec invariablyy last(predicate) that conducters community is a democratic and democratic complex genial system of individuals. distri more thanoverively of them possesses unique exist and background. Nobody female genital organ be viewed as a sad student how constantly his pace of narration and an array of skills dissent from the hotshots of the co-student. These assumptions grounded on my nonrecreational experience spatial relation me as a investigator inside an anti-positivist hyper lively surmisal paradigm (Habermas, 1984 Adorno, Marcuse, Horkheimer and Fromm).The object of any critical investigation is non just to search empirical (practical) fond purlieu for variables and amount patterns except to tog go forth the ground for improvements in devotion to freedom of the victimized, democratic par and individual freedoms (Cohen et al. , 2000, p. 28). That is wherefore a solid part of look for was dedicated to receiving feedbacks from students on the use of the interactive mul quantifydia eruditeness milieu. decide from the multistructural uncertaintynaire administered to the learners in the decision of the study calendar week, the perceive military capability of the interactive mul successiondia system larn environment in motivating and helping students to f tout ensemble upon the specified cultivation outcomes of improved reading and visual comprehension, wisdom culture and ICT skills was engraft to be principally high by the students. submit 2 shows the marvels asked, and the reasonable of the responses on a overtake over of 1 to 5 where 1 is precise usable and 5 is useless. On this scale, the average rating for questions relating to the catch and identifying of facts, issues, problems and factors, was between 1. 34 to 1. 92 which is in the in truth useful to useful region. It is elicit to note that on another question that the interactive multimedia imaginations and any(prenominal)(prenominal) experiential and typic pretenses added active and kinetic dimensions to classroom encyclopedism transites, the average was an raise 1. 08 indicating that the students welcomed the brand-new orderrn acquisition environment.Table 3 shows how the interactive multimedia system breeding environment was perceived by the students as an puppet for larn on a 4-point scale, where 1 is strongly discord and 4 is strongly agree. Upon the whole, students report finding the interactive multimedia environment truly useful in various ways. ground on the qualitative observations of students working with Pompeii The confirm Day, the researcher lay down out that those who investigated the theme in the interactive multimedia system environment played out much time on studies than those who used alto tolerateher textbooks and written handouts as well as listened to the teachers teachings.In the appendage of studies and after the evaluation, students were asked to mark freely on the new possibilities provided by the interactive multimedia system resource, its effectiveness in financial support intelligence encyclopedism, and their attitudes to learning with/without the interactive multimedia system system. Some of the responses to the critical implications of hypermedia system cooperative learning ar presented in the following. The question asked was whether students would use the hypermedia resource much(prenominal) as this when analyse other scientific topics. They were asked to specify their decision, every negative or positively charged.Among those who used the hypermedia learning environment, in that respect were more positive responses (there was only adept student unaffected by the hypermedia environment on the point of his execrable eye-sight his eyes were ache because of the glow of a monitor). Sample Comments A Yes, because the hypermedia is an abominable chance to learn a new event. It is more kindle and exciting than shaving books and trying to fancy up the dry facts into adepts low head. The experiential theoretical account to design distinguishable types of ventes was perceived as a spirited in the beginning.However, by the end of the week I accept that I do remember all kinds of volcanoes and their specific characteristics. I think, this happened due to the simulation which was not time consuming but was an authoritative play. B Yes, all the definitions and concepts analyse in the lectures were solely alien to me before taking this hypermedia class, I memorized the theories in a practiced effort but the hypermedia learning resource showed how important and grasping they are. I feel that my cognition has improved significantly.C Previous to this observational class I would have been nescient just about learning by the hypermedia and creative (instead of formal) as sessment, but having participated in one myself I would assist anyone to follow us in exploitation this type of learning media. D A hypermedia learning environment would identify a subject like Science more luring by a) being pleasurable b) by reservation it necessary to practice everything one learns to get through, rather than get through a couple of questions on an examination. E I vista this process/project was fantastic. It was sure as shooting the most fun Ive ever had doing an assignment.I found it a majuscule way to get a cargo deck on the instead complicated issues involved in the Pompeii situation, and very useful in seeing the theories we examine play out. In my opinion the volcano activity elaborate are so interesting in relating to human breeding It also light-emitting diode to getting to recognize and interact with a wider range of students inside the subject, rather than the one or both mountain that you get laid in your tutorial group. I retire so me people have complained about the amount of time involved, but I personally thought it was not at all high-spirited (it was required to pass away 90 legal proceeding on researching the hypermedia site.However, almost all of us pass even more time on it without any problem). I also greatly enjoyed the chance to do something different from the fadeless stream of research essays that the teachers ask for. ruff class Ive done However, a researcher had to control also some positivist standstill in regard to the necessity of evaluating the diversion between the hypermedia and traditional learning in quantifiable terms. Results are shown in radiation diagram 1 and Table 4. Figure 1 revels that students who were introduced to the hypermedia learning resource voluntary took excess research on the topic as well the required 90 minutes.The release between time spent on studying the topic by those with hypermedia resources incumbent on(predicate) research and those without was sub jected to a t-test which revealed a t value of t = 2. 2518 (df =38) suggesting significant difference between those with hypermedia obligatory learning and those with traditional mode of learning and instruction (p

American History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

American History - Assignment ExampleAfter the General establish 147 was implemented litters were used in a more effective and accurate manner.Surgeon General Hammond attracted Secretarys attention to the deteriorating situation with the ambulances and deaths of wounded soldiers on the battle fields. General Hammond suggested that medical department should be in charge of the whole medical organization. He backed up his argument by saving various examples of wounded dying from starvation and insufficient system of rescue. General suggested several ways how to improve the medical organizational structure by direct the work of ambulances, surgeons and nurses.Medical measures undertaken during the battle of Antietam and many others proved their effectiveness. Medical personnel were able to rescue people from the battle fields faster than before convey to the effective use of ambulances. The number of casualties was minimized ambulance corps worked effectively both on the battle fiel d and work of surgeons was

Case study 4-4 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

4-4 - Case Study ExampleWhoever provided the wrong test results (A+) should be held responsible for carrying out lousy work, furthermore, the hospital management, in general, should be held responsible to have future lousiness (Welcome to Advances in Medical Ethics).On the other hand, the ROI (Release of Information) coordinator could have ordered a medical officer to carry out a re-do of Marthas blood type to obtain a valid blood type and request for a correct re-entry of her medical record rather than maintaining that the legal written document could not be changed. The Health Information Management director (HIM) could have been following protocol as stipulated by management yet I restrain a professional approach to taking the tests again and request for a re-entry of her medical data (Welcome to Advances in Medical Ethics).The directive to obtain a court order via an attorney to make amendments to patients records should be done away with because it takes the patient through a whole lot longer wreak rather than just re-doing the tests and correcting their mistakes in the first place. Marthas actions, however, were absolutely logical and

What have you learned about Asian culture (you may wish to distinguish Essay

What have you learned about Asian close (you may wish to distinguish between conglomerate countries and cultures) in this course - Essay ExampleThe discussion leave behind be based on the analysis of a number of films being produced in the region. The films elect for the analysis are Seven Samurai by Akira Kurosawa, Hanabi by Takeshi Kitano, Apur Sansar by Satyajit Ray, Salaam Bombay by Mira Nair, Red Sorghum by Zhang Yimou, and Chungking Express by Wong Kar-Wai. The paper will examine how the variations of Asian culture are presented in these films.Before going into any further discussion on the nuances of Asian culture, it is important to understand what culture nub. A general definition of culture argues that the concept of culture asshole be best described as a shared, learned, symbolic system of values, beliefs and attitudes that shapes and influences light and behaviour. It is an abstract mental blueprint or mental code. Concepts and ideas of culture can be studied by mea ns of exploring behaviour, customs, material culture (artefacts, tools, and technology), language, etc. of a particular community or region. So to say, culture is a learning process through which a community or society can be studied both at individual and collective levels. This process of learning ones culture can be labelled as enculturation. One of the characteristic features of culture studies is that there is nothing like a culture of one, it is a collective possession shared by all in all the members of a society. Commonness in behaviour, customs and other traditional practices can be achieved by mutual construction of a culture by means of a constant process of social interaction. Besides, culture, language and thought are based on symbols and symbolic meanings. Apart from this symbolic nature, the definition of culture features puckishness and habitualness as culture is internalized and created by humans.Coming to the more specific discussion of the Asian culture, it is characterized by the concept of cultural variation. Some of the most important ingredients of Asian culture are Asian art,

Patient Diagnosed with Hyponatremia, UTI, Confusion and Alzheimer Essay

Patient Diagnosed with Hyponatremia, UTI, Confusion and Alzheimer - Essay ExampleTherefore, I pass on give a thorough analysis of Mrs. Ms condition as I plan the bathing activity and its application. My roles in caring for Mrs. M include ensuring that her gravitas and privacy are upheld. More importantly, a patient centered conduct approach is applied. The care will focus on making the patient respectable because of the risks associated with her condition. I am obliged to adhere to the legal and ethical code of conduct while caring for my patient and this includes ensuring confidentiality and respecting her. I will also exercise the role of ensuring that the care of the patient is documented. Cooney, A, et al. (2000) explain that the Roper -Logan-Tierney model of nursing provides that nurses must document the care that is provided to elderly patients with mental illness. This is important because it provides a evince of reference that is important for the management of the pati ents condition. Furthermore, I will be responsible of reporting signs of possible deterioration of the patients condition. The complete and belonging needs as stipulated by Maslows hierarchy of needs are important to the patient especially overdue to the fact that she lives alone. During the treatment, I will play the role of ensuring that the patient feels cognised and cared for so that her social needs are achieved or met. Moreover, Maslows theory which describes safety needs can be used to evaluate Mrs. M. The patient has a risk of falling due to the confusion and hyponatremia that she has. As a result, it becomes necessary for me to put the safety of the patient as a one of the top priorities during the nursing care. Mrs. M has a son and a daughter. The assistance that the patients daughter gives her illustrates that she has emotional support and love from her family. Sutcliffe (2011) explains that the role of family members in taking care of elderly patients is very importan t because their social well being is turn backd by the love and support they beat back from those who are close to them. Mrs. M lives in Glasgow which is a nice neighborhood with favorable cultural and social factors. This contributes significantly to her psychological and social well being. It is therefore my role to take advantage of the social benefits that the patient has to enhance her wellness and health. I will play this role by encouraging the patients daughter to spend more time with her and talk about good moments. This would cause her to be more relaxed and less confused and thus help her to be free from the risks which are associated with her condition. The fact that Mrs. M does not smoke illustrates that her health behavior reduces the risks of quick deterioration of her health. According to Murphy, Gretebeck and Alexander (2007), patient centered care of elderly patients should involve plenty of communication between the care provider and the patient. The role of co mmunication in the care of my patient is very significant due to the confusion that she often experiences. Through effective communication, I would be able to explain things that are confusing to the patient and therefore enable her to understand her meet well. This will help to reduce the risk of falling especially during the bath. Moreover, it is through good communication with my patient that I will be able to determine her health condition, needs, feelings and desires. I will be able to attain the trust of the patient if

The differences between xbox 360 and playstation 3 Essay

The differences between xbox 360 and playstation 3 - Essay ExamplePS3 has the ability to output a higher resolution signal than Xbox 360 as gaming has exit a norm and a much favored option on PS3 than on the Microsoft model.PS3 offers two HD outputs as it helps enormously in multitasking. As far as the memory is concerned, Xbox 360 has around 20GB which is close to 5000 songs on an iPod. While PS3 users need to buy a hard drive at the pay point.When it comes to music, both PS3 and Xbox 360 offer wall sound with Dolby 5.1. Sony PS3 has the feature of livelihooding seven different controllers, being quite different from Xbox 360s range. The other differences between Xbox 360 and PS3 include the fact that PS3 has the capacity to support far more players in the room than Xbox 360 which could support only four at a time. Both the machines support Internet access and playing online is a worthwhile option.The graphics of Xbox 360 are better when one compares them to PS3 since the lightin g seems more realistic in Xbox 360. Also brightness within Xbox 360 gives a sense of reality more than the PS3 machine. The power differences between the two machines seem to suggest that PS3 has more power on paper than in essence.The technical differences between Xbox 360 and PS3 come mass to the graphics and resolution differences, where the advanced one takes the lead everywhere the other. However these differences have meant time and again that users from territorial locations have seemed to enjoy one over the other ever since these machines came into the respective

How should one live Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

How should iodine live - Coursework ExampleHowever, we should not forget that every last(predicate) people are linked to the earth. In this regard, we are all connected, and this connectedness requires us to live in harmony and ecologically conscious.The question on how an individual should live is significant to human existence. Aristotle provided an explanation on how one should live through the concept of eudaimonia (Pojman, 2005). This concept was translated to imply happiness, fulfillment and human flourishing. Aristotle gave this answer because he established that eudaimonia was the only goal of support that could be taken into account as an end in itself, and not a means to another end (Pojman, 2005). Aristotle can be viewed to have offered an leave manner to live, if such a thing subsists. He came up with eudaimonia through observing the virtues that were portrayed by people who seemed happy and flourish (Pojman, 2005). As it was, such people conducted themselves with som e degree of courage, honesty, integrity, honor, fairness and rationality. Therefore, how one ought to live is concerned with ethics, which develops an individuals virtuous character (Pojman, 2005). Notably, if an individual develops such a personality, he or she understands the right thing to do and do

Physical and environmental Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Physical and environmental - Essay ExampleThere is also luxurious, spacious club house structure with open terraces and breathtaking news. only these features a snack bar, a lounge bar, a pool with a spectacular view. All these make Mexico a country with good facilities for storage and transport of materials (Schmidt, 270).Mexicos Riviera Maya golf club is an impressive architectural design with easy access to technology (Kenna, Michael and James, 179). It is designed with a magnificent view and fixed with the current technology which includes the use of GPS which makes it easy to use when calculating distances and score. It also makes it possible for participants to request any additional services during the game.Kenna, Michael and James (221). The physical environment in the city of Machu Picchu in Mexico was constructed with a view down to two valleys and a nearly impassable mountain at its peak. There is an ample supply of water, enough land and food. This provides a good env ironment for the game as well as energy, space required for the recruitment and training of more players (Schmidt, 311). Therefore Mexico provides a good country for the marketing of the golf club products since it has all the technicality required, environment and facilities required for the game.Kenna, Michael, and James, Snow. The US golf association turfgrass and environmental research plan overview. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES. Vol. 743. Washington, DC American Chemical Society 1999, 2000.

Carbon Dioxide Fire Suppression System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Carbon Dioxide Fire Suppression System - Essay ExampleFor carbon dioxide to be effective as a total make full fire suppressant, a minimum design of 34% concentration is needed. However, laboratory testing and simulation of carbon dioxide fire suppressant use indicate that concentrations greater than 17% results to loss of controlled and purposeful activity, convulsions, unconsciousness, coma and even death within 1 minute of initial consumption (OSHA, 1999).Even at 10-17% concentrations, carbon dioxide inhalation has been shown by Wong (1992) to result to drowsiness, sever muscle twitching and even unconsciousness. At 7 to 10 percent, headaches, visual and hearing dysfunction, hallucination and shortness of breath be possessed of been observed. At a minimum of 34% designed concentration for effectiveness, Carbon dioxide suppression systems are lethal. Any inadvertent discharge of the carbon dioxide in an booked room can cause death quickly and without warning.The National Fire Pr otection Agency and the Occupational Safety and Health Authority have schematic guidelines such that human exposure do not occur during fire-fighting events but documented cases occurred during system installation, commissioning and maintenance because many of the servicemen lack the necessary association and training.OSHA (1999) Carbon Dioxide, Industrial Exposure and Control Technologies for OSHA Regulated Hazardou

Language is the Most Important Component of Communication Essay

Language is the Most Important Component of Communication - Essay ExampleThe study of terminology, known as linguistics, has tried to show how spoken language develops among varied communities. This study also tries to understand the factors that contribute to similarities and differences in languages. It is clear from the chapter that language does not only mean the ability to talk. There atomic number 18 numerous forms of language apply by human beings to communicate. Spoken language is the most common among them. Currently, in that location are about three thousands to six thousands different languages in the world. Linguistic anthropology, a branch of linguistics, majors in the study of structure of language. In this study, anthropologists study patterns of sound, the meaning of words made by these sounds, and how these words are combines to make meaningful sentences. Semantics are also covered in this area. Different people from different locations use different terns to describe similar things and physical phenomena in their environment. However, there are some similarities in some of their classifications for instance relatives. Also another area of concern for anthropologists is the origin of language. There are different models that explicate the origin and development of language. For instance, from the behaviorist model, a person acquires and develops language from both negative and positive experiences. In linguistics, specifically historical linguistics, the relationship between different languages is also explored. ... Another field of linguistic anthropology is the study of non-verbal communication. Different communities have different forms of nonverbal communication. However, there are those that are universal. Non-verbal communication uses signals and body language to communicate different messages. This field of linguistics have helped very much especially in the study of sign language which is now being used universally. Yet another modern form of language is coded language which is very specialized. This field is being utilized in the field of science for instance in computers. Question two Language is part of every societys culture therefore brain the language of a community helps in understanding of a culture of a society. In studying the similarities, differences and development of languages of different communities, we are able to understand the societies better. For example there are communities that live in different geographic locations but have similar or related languages. Through this, we can be able to trace the origin of some communities. In these modern days, globalization has influenced almost all aspects in life language included. By making the world a global village means that there is a need for every person from any part of the world to understand each other. In the early times, communication was the major barrier to globalization. Studies in linguistics made everything easier all over sudd en. With development of sign language people could communicate and even do business without necessarily having to talk. Again, development of sign language has helped in communication of people who cannot talk or hear. The study of linguistics is being applied

Critcally examine the success of operation management theories ,tools Essay

Critcally examine the success of operation counsel theories ,tools and techniques in the uk supermarket sector - Essay ExampleOperations management is a light that deals with coordination of all functions of an organization. The major departments within an organization include accounting, marketing, human resources, information technology departments and purchasing have to be well control direct. The key factors that have led to the development of operations management include globalization, total quality management, empowerment and techonology.With the world becoming a global village, supermarkets are striving to result service more efficiently and effectively so as to stay at the top of competition by quickly delivering their services. Operations management is a work shift process that interacts with various departments in an organization.According to Slack Operations management helps in developing and managing the value chain process and also in sustenance it through using di fferent tools, techniques and methods in order for an organization to be in a position to achieve its goals and objectives within a specified stream of time. The Total Quality Management is a holistic approach that requires that all the managers and personnel working for supermarkets to be able to handle customers in an appropriate way. The major supermarkets in the United Kingdom also have got a major challenge in ensuring that they empower all their members of staff regardless of their hierarchy in the organization so that they can take part in achieving the companys goals and objectives.It refers to the process of organizing and controlling the activities of a business so as provide goods and services to the customers at the appropriate time and place. The major functions of any business involve finance, marketing and operations management. Some of the processes involved in the process management theory include forecasting, capacity planning, and management of inventory, quality assurance, motivation and training of the employees.The traditional objective of

Forward Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forward Contracts - Essay ExampleAlthough these artless arrangements can easily mitigate foreign win over localize risks, there are several advantages and disadvantages of using them to hedge foreign exchange risks (Feng, 2007).The first advantage of using forward contracts to hedge foreign exchange risks is that future day rates can be fixed in advance. This therefore eliminates the downside risk exposure. Secondly, forward contracts are more flexible with respect to the amount of money to be covered. Thirdly, forward contracts are relatively simple and straightforward to both comprehend and organize (Feng, 2007).On the different hand options allow the contracting party to fix forward contracts at an agreed and fixed exchange rate, but at any time between two specific dates. This means that option-date forward exchange contracts can be settled at the agreed rate if currency cash-flows occur between the two set dates (Meera, 2009).Although forward exchange contracts are simple agreements that can mitigate exchange rate risks, they have some shortcomings. In particular, it may be difficult to get a counter party who leave agree to fix future exchange rates for the time period as well as the amount in question. Secondly, forward contracts do non provide an opportunity for the parties to benefit from favorable fluctuations in the exchange rates. Thirdly, forward markets only exist for major world trading currencies such as the Dollar, Euro, tucker or Yen, but they do not exist for exotic currencies (Doupnik & Perera, 2007).The main disadvantage with options is that the issuer of the option receives the fees upon the specified date and is obligated to buy the securities at the other partys option. Additionally, options are subject to basis risks and only provide a partial hedge (Meera,

Intellectual property law (UK) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Intellectual property law (UK) - Essay ExampleThe present UK law regulating massmarks is the art mark Act 1994. According to the Act, a trade mark means each sign capable of universe represented graphically, which is capable of distinguishing goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings. A earmark may, in particular, consist of words (including personal names), designs, letters, numerals or the shape of goods or their packaging.1It is clear that any sign, including designs, is capable of being registrable when conditions ar met. Shape of goods can be registered as trademarks. Though not explicitly worded, it is accepted that shapes include both two-dimensional and three-dimensional shapes.The general elements of a trademark include the capability of being represented graphically and distinguishing the goods or service from those of other undertakings. The distinguishing, or, distinctive capability of a trademark is essential, which can be seen from ma ny UK and EU cases. For example, in the Procter & venture Company v Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market, a registration was applied for a square tablet with slightly rounded edges and corners, solely the registrar ref purposed the application under Article 38 of Regulation No 40/94 on the ground that the mark applied for was devoid of any distinctive character.2Descriptive Trade MarksThis trademarks law is in contrast to what we will refer to as descriptive trade marks-that is, naming a mathematical product or society using words that describe what it is or what it sells. For instance, if one were to open a blue jean manufacturer in London, and refer to the company as London Blue Jeans this is considered a descriptive trademark, and until recently was not allowed under UK law due to the highly descriptive nature and arrangement of the words. Rights of Trade MarksThe UK Trade Mark Act 1994 Article 9 (1) provides that the proprietor of a registered trade mark has exclus ive rights in the trade mark which are infringed by use of the trade mark in the United Kingdom without his consent. This article and Article 43 (1), which provides that the registration of a trade mark may be renewed at the request of the proprietor so long as the renewal fee has been paid3, conferred actually perpetual monopoly on the proprietors.Purpose and rule General rationale of IP lawThe intellectual property rights, argued by economists, are accorded in that if everyone would be allowed to take the advantage of the results of innovative and creative activities resignly, the problems of free rider would have been rise. Therefore, no one would try to create anything, such as a car or plane if no special advantages would be given, and the economic growth and prosperity would become impossible. The IP law, to solve the problem, confers rights on those who invested (the creator, inventor or who paid for it) on the creations the right of monopoly to ensure that they would make use of the creation to maximize profits4. However, at the same time, there is also a principle of IP law to afford free accesses to those rights to the public after a certain period of monopoly in that it will enhance the economic development of the society with trade mark as an exception. Purpose and rationale Trade Marks LawThe function of trade marks, non-exceptive

How has the European Convention on Human Rights contributed to Dissertation

How has the European Convention on Human Rights contributed to international human rights practice of law - talk ExampleThe researcher states that the twentieth century became a landmark in the evolution of the international human rights law. The atrocities of the Nazi regime and mass exterminations of humans during the ii world wars led the world to review its attitudes toward the fundamental human rights. The European Convention on Human Rights was created with the goal of opening the coverage of the international human rights laws on European countries, enforcing compliance with the foundational standards of human rights protection, and ensuring greater integration among the European states. Since its inception, human rights protection has become the main aspect of states legislative and judicial performance in Europe. The contribution of the European Convention on Human Rights to the international human rights law is difficult to overestimate. The convention meets the standa rds of subsidiarity in the international human rights law and creates the foundation for interpreting the most controversial emerging human rights issues. Simultaneously, the convention by itself and its principles are not without controversy. Despite the significance of the European Convention on Human Rights, its effectiveness and results greatly depend upon the political and social atmosphere in European states many states choose to apply the Convention only for the resolve of membership in the European Union. As a result, the effectiveness of the European Convention on Human Rights is more virtual than real and does not extend beyond the actual court cases to tackle with the discrimination against the fundamental human rights.... Another reason was that European states needed greater unity and integration, and a convention similar to the ECHR could glue the European states in their way to achieving the common economic and social objectives. This being said, the ECHR became the first and, probably, the most significant political and legal operation of the Council of Europe in 1949 (Ware & Miller 1998). At that time, the Council of Europe was made up of only 10 states (Ware & Miller 1998). Nevertheless, every member of the Council of Europe had to accept the principles of the practice of law and of the enjoyment by all persons within its jurisdiction of human rights and fundamental freedoms (Ware & Miller 1998, p.7). In other words, all member states of the EC had to enforce strict compliance with the principles and premises of the Convention. It is no secret that one of the main goals of the ECHR was European integration (Weil 1963). The philosophy of European integration was rooted in the pre-first-world-war conditions of politics, which suggested that fragmentation, separation, and inverse weakened European states in the fight for peace and stability. The idea of uniting Europe lost its relevance between the two world wars, and during the Second sol id ground War Hitler managed to unite Europe by force (Weil 1963). However, as soon as the hostilities were over, and Winston Churchill became a leader of the European movement toward peace, the idea of building a union similar to that in the United States, was revived (Weil 1963). It should be noted, that Britain made one of the major contributions to the development and implementation of the ECHR the final version of the convention owed a lot to British ideas of human rights and European statehood (Ware & Miller 1998). Simultaneously, when

PASSION AND SOCIETY IN MEDIEVAL LITERATURE- TRISAN, Essay

PASSION AND SOCIETY IN MEDIEVAL LITERATURE- TRISAN, - Essay Exampleor trickery, but also for trickery as a tool of literary productions that undermines its claims to truth and goodness in making these claims wholly contingent on the recognition of the text as good. As Tristans pupil in formal precept as well as trickery, Isolde the Blonde (distinct from the two other Isoldes, the Queen of Ireland and Isolde of the White Hands) for a brief time demonstrates her own acumen as a trickster before it unravels when Marke discovers them.An example from the text is helpful in uncovering the complexities to be expected in Gottfrieds brand of trickery. In a sense, it is easy to pardon the motivation the adult Tristan has in exercising trickery to continue his affair with Isolde, he must trick those who would hinder it. It is more difficult to explain, for example, his motivation when he first encounters the friendly pilgrims upon his arrival in Cornwall, to whom he lies without any apparent provocationNow Tristan was shrewd and cautious for his years and started to tell them a fairly tale. Good sirs, he told them, I was born in this country and with some others was to have ridden out hunting in this forest here today, but (myself I know not how) I rode out of touch with both huntsmen and hounds. Those who knew the forest-paths all fared better than I, because, having no track, I rode astray and got lost. I then hit on a cursed trail which brought me to the edge of a gully where, try as I would, I would not curb my knight from plunging headlong down. We ended up, my horse and I, lying in a heap together. Then I failed to get to my stirrup in time to prevent its snatching the reins and careering off into the forest. And so I came to this path, which has brought me as far as this. But I cannot say where I am, nor in which direction I must go. (76)This elaborate story is a miniature narration and the pilgrims respond with sympathy, giving Tristan further reason to persi st with his trickery. The pilgrims happily take Tristan with

Power In The First Part Of A Clockwork Orange Essay Example for Free

Power In The First Part Of A Clockwork Orange EssayThe opening of the novel is the line Whats it going to be then, ey? This is clearly something that is said by someone in an authoritative position and we learn in the next sentence that this is Alex. He is our narrator and this gives him a certain follow of big businessman as he can choose what he wants to tell us as readers. Burgess also shows Alexs military force done the various cutthroat attacks he perpetrates on people who we would consider to be in a position of more authority than Alex is in our own society. The first of these instances is the attack upon a schoolteacher, which is a clear and obvious indicator that this society is genuinely wrong. At the tender age of fifteen, it would be considered only inconceivable that Alex would not only attack, b atomic number 18ly also humiliate a man who relies upon respect from youths in order to do his job. The physical power the clump have all over the teacher is t o the highest degree a track of compensating for Alex and his gang feeling threatened intellectually and in this sense the teacher is the more powerful.This idea of physical versus intellectual power is explored once again when the gang leave the town centre to seek victims in the suburbs. When they find the writer and his wife, they destroy the book and beat the couple into teary subordination. These actions atomic number 18 pack by Alex who is portrayed as an almost psychotic intellectual and so dislikes the idea of not understanding the fair gloopy title of the book. I believe he is also prone to paranoia because he gets angry at the merest suggestion of someone being more intelligent or cultured than himself.As a totally egocentric way of asserting his power, Alex also beats up a drunk who is stumbling around and singing because he found him disgusting. This does not show any(prenominal) correlation to the other attacks as there is obviously no intellectual challenge from t his man and so this attack is purely a confidence hike up and has no real reason at all. Aside from their physical power, Alex and his gang also command a certain amount of fear amongst the elderly family at the pub they visit.They are able, finished brash bribery and intimidation, to get a room full of adults to comply with their wishes fairly easily even though no violence is used, or even suggested. This shows that the gangs of youths roaming the streets are infamous and that the civilised society they prey upon is doing little, if anything, to stop them. The power presented to us here, or lack of it, is the states minor power over criminals of a violent and numerous nature. This is further demonstrated when Alex and his gang come across a rival gang in a desolate place where their laws are obeyed e.g. survival of the fittest. The power each gang has over the other is decided in a real fitting way considering what is done with this power because the gang who can cause the mo st injury and pain wins the power to carry on doing so to other people away the gang wars. One such unfortunate victim is the old woman who is the last of Alexs victims as a free man. The gang, and Alex, assume they have unrivalled power over the old woman not only because of her age but also because they see themselves as untouchably strong in fights and aggression. nonetheless, Alexs power seems to be with his gang because, contrary to his own beliefs, he finds he cannot do the robbery alone and is shocked to find the old woman beating him with a stick. This is a very strange thing to happen to Alex as he sees himself as above the possibility of actually getting hurt. However, it is clear that this invulnerable character is only as such when he is supported by his gang, who are given very little credit throughout the first half of the novel for their various roles in spite of appearance the crimes.The utterly surreal struggle for power and control between the old woman and the y oung but hardened criminal ends with a swift sport to the head from Alex and so we see his physical power keeping him in control yet again. However, the authorities finally get Alex under their control through (ironically) fairly violent methods. The police are portrayed as fighting fire with fire, so to speak, as they beat Alex and humiliate him just as he had done to so many before.This is cleverly done by Burgess as this lets the reader see how these people, who are fighting against Alex and the culture he represents, are actually no better than him in a moral sense as they get their power in exactly the same way e. g. through violent beatings and intimidation. Another example of role reversal is the relationship between P. R Deltoid and Alex both before and after his arrest. Prior to the arrest, Alex was very uninterested of P. R Deltoids warnings and cared little about what he had to say, as he was untouchable and would never be caught, as he was such an intelligent young man .However once he realises how much trouble he really is in, he becomes very meek and humble before P. R Deltoid and asks him for help. It is then that P. R Deltoid becomes the one who does not care and, in his position of power over Alex, spits in face. This is an act usually saved for use by the very lowest of people and is yet more evidence of the hypocritical use of humiliating actions on Alex by the people who are supposed to be put an end to these actions.Throughout the first part of the novel, Alex uses barbaric force and pure physical strength to overpower his enemies and victims. He sees this as proof of his own undeniable strength when, in fact, it is down to his gang that he is not harmed by his numerous encounters with violence. His egotistical delusions lead him to believe that he can impose his power upon someone by himself and this over-confidence ultimately concretes his arrest. From this point, the readers of this novel would expect to see the police processing and punishing Alex harshly but effectively and humanely.Instead, we realise that the police are so used to seeing the violence that they no longer try to avoid it and instead resort to it themselves. We are shown that power has changed hands dramatically over the course of the first part of the novel but we can also recognise that the way in which the power is gained and exerted does not change in the slightest as it passes from criminals to civilians to policemen. This is a very interesting comment on the dystopian society presented to us in this book and serves as a powerful warning for our own future.

Administrative Distance Essay Example for Free

Administrative Distance EssayIn computing there argon languages that the commands with each language. This paragraph is going to give commands of lake herring command which change the administrative distance of EBGP routes to the same value as IBGP routes and Cisco IOS commands to change the administrative distance of RIP to four. The commands for Cisco IOS command to EBGP routes are as followsIOS Cisco vs. Juniper JUNOS The technical differences IOS usually is a monolithic operating system, which means it runs as a single operation andall processes helping the same memory space. Because of the latter feature, bugs in one setup great deal have an impact on or corrupt other processes. In addition, if a user wishes to add features or functions to the operating system, IOS has to be disabled while a completely new version with the chosen features is loaded. JUNOS, on the other hand, was reinforced as a modular operating systemSee more Defining research problem and setting object ives EssayThe kernel based on is the open source FreeBSD operating system, and processes run as modules on top of the kernel are separate out in exclusive, protected, memory space. Users thus can add features and functions to the version of JUNOS running on their systems without disabling the entire operating system a characteristic known as in-service software upgrades that also enhances uptime and availability. The major(ip) difference is operational, says Jeff Doyle, president of IP consultancy Jeff Doyle and Associates, who has worked with both.

Who Do I Admire Essay Example for Free

Who Do I Admire EssayMost of the people brace somebody who they admire, that psyche throw out be a writer, an artist, a politician, some kind of public figure, a celebrity or even a friend. however that soul who I admire is somebody very close to me, that person is my convey.My father is not a great scientific, politician, artist or something like that. Neither has through something big to the society. Hes just a normal father and a good one by the way. So, you may imply yourselves, that if he hasnt done anything special, why would you admire him?Well, to understand better most the reason why I admire him, Im going to tell you about his life. My dad was born in La Romana in the 1970s, since he was born he was raised in a poor environment, but besides that he had a lack of his parents love and support. That means he didnt have an easy childhood.Even though his parents werent such good parents that didnt take up much my father, because he at least had support of some peop le of his family. My father since he was a kid had dreams and goals, like most of the people do. But to fulfill one of his goals, he needed to study and graduate from high school.The problem is that his family didnt have enough money to pay a student expenses. But my father didnt let anything to stop him to fulfill hes goals so he being a kid started to work as a shoe shiner to earn money by his own just to pay the school expenses.While years were passing by, my father was maturing fast than any other person of his age, due to the situation he was living. His high school graduation day came, and he had the will to continue developing in his studies, he wanted to go to the university to become a professional and so to be able to reach one of his goals.Since he was a poor person without the necessary resources to pay a university, he needed to ask help. He asked for any help to his familiars and friends, but nobody could help him, and he decided to ask his father. Unfortunately his father didnt want to provide him any help to be able to continue his studies and he could neer go to the university.Even that occurred, that neer stopped my dad. His will was strong, he demanded himself to be able to progress and to continue forward. He searched for better job opportunities in one of his brothers company. There he got a job being a truck driver. But he didnt want to stay as one. With time and hard work, he could obtain a better position in the company he managed up to be the manager of the company.With his hard work and perseverance he became independent. He started his own company, and continue working. Now days, he has a company in his hometown and a branch in Higuey where hes living today.As youve been listening, you know now that my father has not lived an easy and joyful life. Since his childhood he has been working to become someone important in life. Though my father grew up without the love of his parents, he never acted the same with his family. He has be en an excellent father, I cant complain about nothing. He worries a lot about his family, in all sense. He wants us to live like he wished he could live, giving my mother, my sister and I those things he could never have, and gives us that support he never received.My dad is an excellent father, a good businessman, in overall a great person. I have known a lot of people, and I have not seen anyone as my father. I dont know if he has become someone big and important in life. But I can say that he has really become the most important person in mine. Maybe I dont know who you admire. But I think you have heard enough to understand why my dad is the person who I admire.

Human Hair Profiling with FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

man Hair Profiling with FTIR Spectroscopy and ChemometricsProfiling of Human Hairs using FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics TechniqueAUFA MADIHAH BT MOHAMAD ANWARResearch intent TopicProfiling of Human Hairs using FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics Technique. This research is intimately classifying human hair (subjects) using FTIR and Chemometrics. The subjects should be Malay, Woman and included in nonp aril of the sequence group required. (20-30, 31-40, 41-50, 60)IntroductionBackground StudyHuman hair is - keratin proteins and contains DNA which are collected as physical evidence in a law-breaking conniption. It evoke provide significant information in assisting an investigation. Usually, the evidence (fiber) is obtained by physical contact between perpetrator with victim or/and perpetrator with surrounding or/and victim with surrounding. This theory is based on Locards Principle of Exchange which states that every contact leaves a sign.The watercourse forensic procedur es use comparisons of hair morphology by microscopic examination and mitochondrial DNA analyses. Microscopic examinations of the morphological characteristics of human hairs indicate the thickness, color, shape, body area (e.g. scalp or pubic, axilla (chest, armpit and limb regions)), race and method of removal whether forcibly removed or naturally fall off.In addition, there is non enough entropy on human hair. There had been a research in unlikeiating human hair harmonise to the race. Thus, to create additional data about human hair this research will be conducted on different age group. The subjects for this research should be Malay, woman and is included in one of the age group required (20-30, 31-40, 41-50, 60). 200 subjects will be needed and 50 subjects per age group are required.Hair sample will be interpreted from these 200 subjects and will be examine using FTIR- Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy method. The data obtained will be analyze using Chemometrics.3.0 Lit erature Reviews3.1 Human HairHair starts from its get back embedded in the follicle, through with(predicate) the dermis, epidermis, stratum corneum, skin, into a shaft and stops at the tip end. Human hair is usually 15-100 in diameter. There are three major of regions in human hair that are identifiable using FTIR-ATR (Figure 1). The core or medulla which is 5-10 in diameter is being wrapped by cortex which makes up the bulk of the hair. The outermost layer of hair is known as cuticle which it thickness is less(prenominal) than 5. (Feughelman M.et al., 1997)Figure 1 Diagram of human hair cross section using ATR.3.1.1 CuticleThe external layer of the fiber which consists of flattened imbrication scales is known as cuticle (Figure 2). Cuticle stabilizes the hair.Figure 2 Schematic diagram of illustrating the morphological of a human hair fiberCuticle stall is separated by the cell membrane matrix (CMM) which is a strong adhesive layer. The CMM is made up of a central, polysacchar ide -layer in between devil -layers ( lipid rich). Distinct layers, epicuticle, A-layer, exocuticle, and endocuticle can be found in a mature cuticle cell. The distinct layers have different levels of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. Epicuticle is approximately 80% protein and 5% lipid and it is chemical substancely resistant. The A-layer resists physical and chemical forces and is cystine rich (30%). An illustration of the cross section of developed cuticle cell is shown in figure 3. (Jolles P. et al., 1997)Figure 3 A schematic diagram of the developed cuticle cross section.3.1.2 CortexCortex is covered and surrounded by cuticle. Cortex is responsible for the mechanical properties of the fiber. It is composed of elongated, spindle-shaped cortical cells packed closely that are parallel oriented to the axis of the fiber. Cortical cells are typically 100m in length and 5m in width aligned along the axis of the fiber. It is made up by fine micro fibrils that are comprised of -helic al proteins. Macrofibrils (approximately 100-400nm in diameter) is made up of grouped microfibrils which are 7nm in diameter. 60 % of the cortex (by mass) was made up by macrofibrils which were embedded in an amorphous protein matrix. (Jolles P. et al., 1997)3.1.3 MedullaMedulla is the inner factor of the hair fiber. It is excessively known as core with a diameter of 5-10 m. The medulla may be completely absent or a effigy medulla may be observed. It has high lipid content (citrulline). The structure of medulla has a porous structure formed by sponge-like keratin ad some vacuoles filled with air resulting from the differentiation process. The medulla was separated from cortex by CMM. (Jolles P. et al., 1997)3.2 Chemical Structure3.2.1 -Keratin ProteinsKeratin is a part of fibrous morphological proteins and is the important material making up the outer layer of human skin and it is also key structural component of hair and nails. In a single fiber, keratin constitutes about 85% o f the mass. Condensation of L-amino acids formed polypeptide imprisonment which were contained in high molecular weight polymer (keratin). Peptide bond (links the amino acid) was formed through the condensation. Multiple condensations will produce polypeptide chain which becomes the backbone of the -keratin fiber. The reaction was shown in Figure 4Figure 4 Condensation reactions of amino acids.The side chains (R1 and R2 group) of the amino acid residues for -keratin are corresponded to different age group. (Feughelman M.et al., 1997)3.3 Forensic Hair as Physical Evidence3.3.1 What is Forensic and Trace Evidence?Forensic was derived from Latin word forensic which is of or used in courts of law. It also denotes the application of scientific methods and techniques to the investigation of crime. Forensic involves trace evidence which can also be defined as physical evidence of minute in the form fiber (textile, human or animal), soil, glass, fingerprints and tons other that needed to be analyze under microscopic comparison. The presence and recovery of trace evidence is crucial to help in an investigation. DeForest states that trace evidence has an important theatrical role to play in both the investigative and adjudicative phases of a case. Locards Principle of Exchange stated that every contact leaves a trace is a fundamental theory on how trace evidence could exist in the crime scene. (Fido M. et al., 2003)3.3.2 The Importance of Hair (Fiber) as EvidenceHair and fibre is important in providing valuable information in identifying the assailant or attacker. The discovery of hair evidence can help in distinguish race and sex. make up though hair is benign dead matter it still contains DNA to be extrapolated. Human hair is usually found in the crime scene as shown in Table 1. It can be naturally shed (normal hair-growth cycle) or forcibly remove. (Robbins C.R., 1994)Table 1 Histogram of the relationship between the frequencies with different types of trace evid ence occurs in criminal cases. (Broad J., 1988)3.4 Current Forensic Methods in Analyzing Hair Evidence3.4.1 Macroscopic AnalysisThe hair evidence will first endure visual examination followed by macroscopic examination of the hair morphology. The physical appearances (length, shape, root, tip, color, etc.) are observed and measured. (Phillips J.H., 1989)3.4.2 Microscopy3.4.2.1 Optical Light Microscopy and StereomicroscopyStereomicroscope, compound well-heeled/polarizing microscope, transmitted light comparison microscope and the laser confocal microscope are four types of microscopes used to examine the hair fiber (evidence). Through light microscope and stereomicroscope, racial origin, species and the somatic (body location) origin can be determined. The scanning laser confocal microscope is used to analyze the transverse cross-section which is important in determine the somatic origin or ethnicity. Comparison microscope is used for future(a) step by comparing the evidence with k nown fibers from suspect. Conclusions are d madn from all these observations and analysis. (Ogle Jr. R. R. et al., 1999)3.4.2.2 Scanning Electron MicroscopyScanning Electron Microscopy can be used to analyze trace physical evidence (fibers, paints, glass and gunshot residues. SEM highlights the surface topography of the external cuticle layer in great detail with greater depth of field than a stereomicroscope. (Taylor et al., 1971) SEM is more preferable than Optical Light Microscopy. SEM can identify the species of the fiber evidence. It can differ human fiber from animals or wools or etc. But, SEM is difficult for comparison of human hairs because the variability in the surface topography, distribution and appearance of the scales within one head are great, according to the natural and cosmetic history. Thus, SEM also lack in aiding the investigation involving human hair as evidence. (Kupferschmid T.D. et al., 1994)3.4.3 DNA AnalysisDNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is human genetic co de which no one will have the same. DNA is in the cell nucleus and in extra-nuclear organelles of the cell, known as mitochondria. It is responsible in determining our physical characteristics. (Davis C.L., 1998) In hair, there are two sources of DNA traces that can be analyze for forensic purpose which can be found at follicular tissue and the cells on the hair root. The hair that was forcibly removed from head has its root attached. However, most human fiber that found in the crime scene (ca. 90%) is in telogen phase (naturally shed) therefore the hair does not contain a growing root. There are three types of telogen hairroot without any modest tissues remnantroot with a small amount of soft tissue attachedroot with a large amount of soft tissue attachedHair roots that have soft tissues attached contain some cell with nucDNA. A study was conducted to investigate the nucDNA content in anagen versus telogen hair fibers. No nucDNA copies were detected in the shed hairs while the plu cked hair contains an average 25,800 nucDNA.(Andreasson et al.,2006) In 2001, a series of single Short bicycle-built-for-two Repeats (STR) typing steps and during consecutive polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA that had been extracted from the hair was fixed onto a membrane. (Hellman A. et al., 2001) In 2010, a proposal of a new blanket test to visualize DNA with 4-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) which is a fluorescent molecule that binds on the double-stranded DNA, between A and T base pairs. The visible nuclear DNAs can be count with the use of a fluorescence microscope and it can quickly discard hair that is less suitable for STR-typing. Thus, the attention was given to hair with highest potential for results. (Bourguignon et al., 2010)3.5 FTIR SpectroscopyFourier-transform mass mass spectrometer is used in infrared absorption spectroscopy. Fourier-transform is a mathematical process. The term Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy is originated from the fact that a Fouri er transform is needed to convert the raw data into the actual spectrum. Dispersive spectrometer which measure intensity over a small range of wavelengths at a time is different with FTIR spectrometer which simultaneously collects spectral data in a large spectral range. Thus, FTIR is more preferable. Figure 5 show a diagram that represents Michelson interferometer. From a broadband source a radiation strikes the beam splitter. Some the light is transmitted to a stationary mirror and some of the light are reflected to a portable mirror and the moving mirror is not in phase. A pattern called an interferogram which contains all the frequencies that make up the IR spectrum was produce by interfering constructively and destructively. The interferogram can be decomposed into its component wavelengths which will resulted in a plot of intensity versus frequency. (Griffiths P.R. et al., 1986)Figure 5 Schematic diagram of the Michelson Interferometer.3.6 Chemometrics and Forensic ScienceCh emometrics is the chemical discipline that uses statistical or mathematical methods to chemical data while forensic science is a discipline that formulates conclusions on a purely clinical basis. It is compulsory for forensic scientist to follow strict and rigid statistical protocols in reaching a conclusion regarding analytical data. Thus, chemometrics is vital as it is capable in generating multidimensional data. By using chemometrics conclusions of research and analysis data can be obtained. (Bereton R.G., 2003)Chemometrics research can cover various areas of different methods and can be used in chemistry. There are methods forCollecting dataOptimization parameters of the parameterExperiments DesignCalibration and signal processingGetting knowledge from the dataStatisticsStructure-property-relationship estimationsChemometrics helps in building a connection between the techniques and their application in chemistry. (Beebe K.R. et al., 1998)4.0 Problem StatementThese days when a c rime occur it is hard to get the perpetrator due to lack of evidence. Although there is evidence but, there is no data that is available to describe the perpetrator. For an example, human fiber or hair can be found in crime scene. However without the data, the hair which is also evidence cant be identified. Furthermore, there is no research in finding whether there is difference in human hair of different age group. Moreover, can FTIR and chemometrics helps in profiling human hair research.ObjectivesThere are several aims or objectives that this research holdsTo further the investigation regarding human scalp hair (fibers) to create new database about human hair in different age group.To determined and classified the differences of human scalp hair according to their respective age group.To analyze the FTIR data using Chemometrics.

Nursing Research with Children: Ethical Guidelines

Nursing Research with Children Ethical GuidelinesSUCAN SUTANTOIntroductionSingapore Guideline for Good clinical Practice (SGGCP) is the primary regulatory document which needs to be observed when take overing trials in Singapore. Last revised in 1999 by Ministry of Health (MOH), the SGCCP regulate conduct of clinical trials in Singapore a considerable with The Medicine (Clinical Trials) Regulations and the Medicine Act. For all enquiry studies involving humankind subjects or their tissues and organs, MOH made it mandatory that ethics committees argon complete to provide scientific appraises of their study protocols. The establishment of this committee involved all hospitals, both government and abatementructured. Thus Institutional review boards (IRB) was born and its guidelines was designed by The Bioethics Advisory Committee (BAC).IRB play a central role as the gateway for ethnics review of all humans Biomedical Research carried verboten down the stairs the auspices of its appointing institution (MOH 2007 p.04). Individual look intoer and institutions bear the ultimate ethical responsibility for governing their research. Based on the IRBs in operation(p) Guidelines (MOH 2007), three unsounded ethical principles respect for persons, beneficence and justice essential be followed in conducting biomedical research involving human. Potentially vulnerable populations must be given additional attention.The following sections will examine one of the vulnerable populationchildren. It is primarily challenging for the moral philosophy committees in assessing pediatric related research as the above principles discussed whitethorn conflict with some issues. Vague definitions of principle of equipoise, minimal luck and informed procedures are some bring factors. The role of ethic committees in evaluation of take incurs and their impact in pediatric research will be given more focus.Search StrategyPubMed database is primarily used in the search. Combinati on of keywords are used including of ethics committees, research, children, pediatric, risk, ethics and judicial decision.Children as a population samplingIn Singapore, 21 years is the senesce of majority under the common law. For any individual below the age of 21, Clinical Trial regulation states that parents or sub judice interpreters consent must be obtained for participation in trials. This present an ethical dilemma where the childrens autonomy become their parent or legal guardian, assuming that they have the childrens best interest at heart. The risk-benefit ratio of the research is then left to parents and IRBs to determine.Risk assessment in pediatric researchAccording to U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and Pediatric Clinic of North America (Laventhal et al., 2012), there are four definable risk in human research. In Singapore, the risk are less definitive, 2012 BAC guidelines describe only research involving minimal risk such as surveys and risks inv olving more than minimal risks such as those involving invasive proceduresThe first level is minimal risk and it kindle be defined as probability and magnitude of physical or psychological defile that is normally encountered in the daily lives or in the routine medical, dental, or psychological examination of sizable children (HHS 2009). Studies in this category can be carried out even if they do non offer any direct benefit to the child although consent of at least one parent and the child enter is necessary. However this definition is rather vague and carries an inherent issue when applied to pediatric patient such as in the hospital. A survey was conducted on review board chair regarding skin biopsy on newborn and there is actually a split opinion and classification on whether it should be categorize as minimal risk (Westra et al., 2011).The second level of risk involves a minor increase over minimal risk. Although there might not be direct benefits to the child, such rese arch might be allowed if it has the potential drop to yield valuable knowledge. Risks are deemed acceptable if they are comparable to the actual or expected condition of the child, medically or physiologically. In this case, both parents consent and childs assent are required (HHS 2009).The third level of risk is defined as greater than minimal or even minor increase over minimal risk with horizon of direct benefit to the child. Whether the potential benefit justifies the risk must be assessed and determined by IRBs (Laventhal et al., 2012). To determine the risk benefit, IRBs uses component analysis approach. Each intervention or procedure must be evaluated separately. For those components that represent greater than minimal risk, further assessment will be done to determine whether it does or does not hold out the prospect of direct benefit to the enrolled child (Roth-Cline et al., 2011).The component analysis method however has been critiqued as it is standardized to the norm o f clinical equipoise to determine the ethical acceptableness of protocols. Definitively, clinical equipoise works on the principles of genuine uncertainty on the part of the clinical investigator regarding the comparative therapeutic merits of each treatment build of a clinical trial and that no one should receive an inferior treatment (Roth-Cline et al., 2011). A dilemma might present itself in trials where data self-collected is sufficient to doubt the clinical equipoise but not necessarily enough to justify scientific conclusion. An example could be seen in a review of neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (run) hypothermia treatment trial published by Laventhal et al in 2012.It was shown in a number of trials involving more than 600 infants that cooling HIE infants core temperature might help to elevate their condition. These randomized controlled trials managed to show overall improvement in mortality and disability outcomes although some adverse side effectuate were rep orted. However, Laventhal et al., 2012 pointed out that current evidence might not be adequate to determine the safety of this therapy and its efficacy. Therefore, whether to make this treatment mandatory for such patients remain to be decided. In this case, there is a dilemma on whether to allow more of such trials. On one hand, given that much evidence already supports the treatment, it would look unethical to even deny the controlled subjects from such a beneficial treatment. On the other hand, just because a robust scientific conclusion has not been drawn, is it sensible to continue to expose the infants to treatments with possible adverse outcomes? For those randomized into non treatment arm, would there be any potential direct benefits? Yet, to answer those questions and to find out long term safety and efficacy questions, the only way might be to conduct more trials.Even within the IRB chairmen there are variations and application of assessment of risk- benefit potential. S hah et al in 2004(Shah et al., 2004) randomly surveyed 175 chairmen in United for certain intervention on children relative to the prospect risk and direct benefit. Results were surprising. In one intervention, an allergy skin testing, 23% considers it a minimal risk, close to half consider it minor increase above minimal risk and the rest as more than a minor increase over minimal risk. In the case of direct benefit for participants, 60% of those surveyed consider added psychological management as a direct benefit, while another 10% consider participant payment as a direct benefit. These divides in opinion indicates that the uprightness of risk and benefits analysis by IRBs can be challenged.The fourth risk level exists for trials where there is no prospect of direct benefit with more than a minor increase over minimal risk for the child. Such studies could be allowed if they have high potential to produce very important knowledge. Such cases are not under approval of IRBs, inste ad they are referred to an experts panels under the federal government. (Laventhal et al., 2012).In a review by Wendler and Varma in 2006, they examine 9 studies assessed by IRBs which fall into the fourth level. IRBs classified different levels of harm negligible, minor, moderate, severe and catastrophic harm relative to the normal probability a healthy child may encounter in day to day situation. Wendler and Varma then assess the proposed interventions for each study and then compare with the classification given by IRBS.They argued that eight of the studies could actually be categorized into minimal risk instead of the fourth level of risk. A primary example was the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) on healthy children. Known possible harms include nausea, bruising and hypoglycemia. Very minimal adverse events were recorded in thousands of pediatric studies involving IVGTT. Only 1 in 3000 risk of hypoglycemia, it can be resolved with carbohydrates or glucose injection. I t is therefore arguable that the IVGTT risk much more minimal in comparison to the 30 in 1000 chance of minor harm in average children in their daily routines used as a base of the classification. As such, the review shows that misclassification could occur and valuable research time may be delayed unnecessarily. There is a lack of empirical database on risks of ordinary activities for reference and this might be a contributing factor for the misclassification. It forces the IRB members to rely on their own individuals life experiences to determine the perceptions of risk therefore causing biased.To conclude, pediatric studies have been shown to provide an ethical review challenge. In order to improve the risk analysis and reduce bias, empirical data on the risk of research procedures in pediatric studies as well as database on the risk of daily activities should be collected and better established for reference. There should be standardized guidelines for risk analysis with certain flexibility to score for unique feature of each study(1542 words)ReferencesBioethics Advisory Committee (2004) Research involving human subjects. Guidelines for IRBs. Singapore BAC. Available from http//www.bioethics-singapore.org/index/publications/reports/172-research-involving-human-subjects-guidelines-for-irbs.html Accessed twenty-eighth Jan 2015Bioethics Advisory Committee (2012) Ethics Guidelines for Human Biomedical Research. Singapore BAC. Available from http//www.bioethics-singapore.org/images/uploadfile/32914 PM2012-06-20 BAC Ethics Guidelines (for comments) F.pdf Accessed 28th Jan 2015Ministry of Health (2007) Governance Framework for Human Biomedical Research. Available from https//www.moh.gov.sg/content/dam/moh_web/Publications/Guidelines/Human Biomedical Research/2007/Governance Frwk for HBR_14-12-07_formatted.pdf accessed 02 March 2015Department of Health and Human Services (2009). US code of Federal Regulations, USA, FDA, Available from http//www.hhs.gov/ohrp/arch ive/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.html46.404 Accessed 28th Jan 2015Fernandez, C. (2008) Ethical Issues in health research in children. Paediatr Child Health 13(8) 707-712LAVENTHAL, N., TARINI, B. A. LANTOS, J. 2012. Ethical issues in neonatal and pediatric clinical trials. Pediatr Clin North Am, 59, 1205-20.Ministry of Health (2007) Operational Guidelines for Institutional Review Boards. Singapore MOH Available from https//www.moh.gov.sg/content/dam/moh_web/Publications/Guidelines/Human Biomedical Research/2007/IRB Operational Guidelines_14-12-07_formatted.pdf Accessed 28th Jan 2015ROTH-CLINE, M., GERSON, J., BRIGHT, P., LEE, C. S. NELSON, R. M. 2011. Ethical considerations in conducting pediatric research. Handb Exp Pharmacol, 205, 219-44.SHAH, S., WHITTLE, A., WILFOND, B., GENSLER, G. WENDLER, D. 2004. How do institutional review boards apply the federal risk and benefit standards for pediatric research? Jama, 291, 476-82.Westra AE, Wit, JM Sukhai, RN. And Beaufort ID. (2011) How to best define the concept of minimal risk. The Journal of Pediatrics 159 (3) 496-500WENDLER, D. VARMA, S. 2006. tokenish risk in pediatric research. J Pediatr, 149, 855-61.Wendler, D. and Glantz L. (2007). A standard for assessing the risks of pediatric research pro and con. J Pediatr 150, 579-582