One Dimensional man Essay Example

One Dimensional man Paper Considering false needs as being socially developed and superimposed upon people at the base, Marcuse argues that these needs are products of society in order to repress and dominate people as a whole (pp. 4-6). For example, we truly need food and shelter (in order to survive), but do we truly need cars or computers? His theory is similar to Webers theory of bureaucracy in that it explains how the power elite represented by the superstructure make the base think that people need to buy the goods (because they need to sell them in order to maintain power! ). This also relates to the dehumanizing dominance of means over values, which brought about Webers Iron Cage of Reason, which characterizes modern society as an iron cage where people are held hostage in a repressively well-organized, inevitable social order that threatens freedom and the self. In fact, people do not even recognize that there is an iron cage and, likely, they often do not recognize the presence of false needs. The dominant society does something even more shocking: It makes it seem like people have freedom of choice by giving them a realm of given possibilities. We will write a custom essay sample on One Dimensional man specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on One Dimensional man specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on One Dimensional man specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For instance, people have the choice of buying a pair of shoes among these stores: Nike, Adidas, Reebok, And-One, Timberlands, etc. However, these alternatives do not determine freedom. Marcuse reveals that difference and variety are two completely different things. People have the option to choose among varieties-variations between similar forms-of goods and services because those are what they have been given. Oftentimes, they do not notice that these are not a sign of freedom if these goods and services sustain social controls over a life of toil and fear (p. 8). Marcuse brings up an interesting idea that the advanced industrial culture is more ideological than its predecessor, in that the process of the advanced industrial society he describes is not limited to the realm of ideas and rationalization-the ideas and rationalization of the social system have become part of the productive device itself (p. 11). The needs related to production turn out to be the needs of the members of society, and the two are tied together in a way that is one-dimensional and militates against qualitative change (p. 12). Freuds concept of the balance between the id and the superego is similar to Marcuses concept in that there are two realms: the private realm (id) and the public realm (superego). However, in Freuds case there is a dialectical interaction between the two realms, whereas in Marcuses case the public imprints itself on the private, leading to the removal of the bond between the private and the public realms and, therefore, the two almost being identified as one (one-dimensional). Marcuses analysis of advanced industrial societies is consistent and helpful. However, he does not provide pragmatic solutions to the problems he points out. He corroborates Marxs arguments concerning organized society and its effects on individuals and society as a whole. Using this source, he recognizes overpowering and technological rationality as the source of power toward homogeny, creation of false needs, continuation of this rationality, and ultimately leading to a one-dimensional form of society that is irrational. I agree with his argument that if societies can learn to use modern technologies in ways that benefit people instead of repressing them, the problems that they face will be solved. Works Cited Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and its Discontents. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1961. pp. 36-46. Marcuse, Herbert. The New Forms of Control. in One Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society. Boston: Beacon Press, 1964. pp. 1-18. Marx, Karl. The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret Thereof. in The Marx-Engels Reader, second ed. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1978. pp. 319-329. Weber, Max. Legal Authority with a Bureaucratic Administrative Staff. in The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. New York: The Free Press, 1947. pp. 329-341.

An Era of Running Without Funds essays

An Era of Running Without Funds essays As many Federal departments and agencies lurch into an era of running without funds, the leaders of both parties of Congress are spending less and less time searching for a compromise to balance the budget, and more and more time deciding how to use it to their advantage on the campaign trail. Meanwhile money is easily borrowed to pay for government overhead. In an attempt to change this, on June 29, Congress voted in favor of HConRes67 that called for a 7 year plan to balance the Federal Budget by the year 2002 (Hager 1899). This would be done by incorporating $894 billion in spending cuts by 2002, with a projected 7 year tax cut of $245 billion. If this plan were implemented, in the year 2002, the U.S. Government would have the first balanced budget since 1969. There is doubt by citizens that a balanced budget will become reality. A recent Gallop Poll from January 1996 showed the budget as the #1 concern among taxpayers, but 4/5 of those interviewed said they doubt the GOP will do the job (Holding 14). Meanwhile, an ABC poll from November reported that over 70% of those polled disapprove of the current performance by Congress, and most blamed politicians for failure to take action (Cloud 3709). These accusations of failure to follow through come with historical proof that Congress and Clinton have failed to compromise and resolve the issue. After all, current budget plans are dependent on somewhat unrealistic predictions of avoiding such catastrophes as recession, national disasters, etc., and include minor loopholes. History has shown that every budget agreement that has failed was too lax. One might remember the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings bill that attempted to balance the budget, but left too many exemptions, and was finally abandoned in 1990 (Weinberger 33). So after a pain-staking trial for GOP Republicans to create, promote, and pass their budget, as promised on campaign trail 94, Clinton rejected the very bill he demanded. This es...

Defining Millennials and Theyre Role in the Workforce

Defining Millennials and Theyre Role in the Workforce Millennials, like baby boomers, are a group defined by their birth dates. A millennial refers to someone who was born after 1980. More specifically, Millennials are those born between 1977 and 1995 or 1980 and 2000, depending on who is writing about this generation at the moment. Also referred to as Generation Y, Generation Why, Generation Next, and Echo Boomers, this group is quickly taking over the American workforce. As of 2016, nearly half of the countrys employees fall between the ages of 20 and 44 years old. Estimated at 80 million, millennials outnumber baby boomers (73 million) and Generation X (49 million). How Millennials Grew Up The nickname Generation Why refers to the questioning nature of millennials. They have been taught to not take everything at face value  but to really understand the reason why something is. An increase in available information thanks to the internet has only fueled this desire. Some of this is due to the fact that this is the first generation to have grown up entirely with computers. Even many born in those disputed years of 1977 to 1981 had their first interactions with computers in elementary school. Technology has played a great role in their lives and it progressed quickly as they grew up. For this reason, Millennials are at the forefront of all things tech. Raised during The Decade of the Child, Millennials also benefitted from greater parental attention than in generations past. Quite often, this included fathers who were more involved in their childrens lives. Their childhoods have influenced their understanding of gender roles in the home and the workplace as well as their future expectations. The Desire for Meaningful Work Millennials are expected to create a cultural shift in the workplace. Already, Millennials have expressed a desire to pursue work that is personally meaningful. They tend to resist corporate hierarchy  and are accustomed to getting work done in a variety of environments- not simply sitting at their desks.   Flexible scheduling is of great appeal to millennials who place a high value on work-life balance. Many companies are following this trend by providing an employee-centered workplace that is flexible in both place and time. This generation is also changing the traditional approach to management. Millennials are known as multitasking team players who thrive on encouragement and feedback. Companies that can appeal to these attributes often see great gains in productivity. Millennials Are Closing the Wage Gap The millennials may also be the generation that closes the gender wage gap by the time they retire. Although women typically earn 80 cents for every dollar a man makes, among the millennials that gap is closing tighter.   Every year since 1979, the U.S. Department of Labor has issued a report on the annual average of womens earnings compared to that of men. In 1979, women earned just 62.3 percent of what men did and by 2015, that reached 81.1 percent. In that same 2015 report, women in the millennial generation were earning as much, if not more, on average each week than older women. This trend shows a significant increase in skilled labor jobs that have opened up for women in the workforce. It also tells us that millennial women are competing more and more with their male counterparts in a technologically-driven society. Source Highlights of womens earnings in 2015. November 2016. Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor.  https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/womens-earnings/2015/home.htm

Read and discuss Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Read and discuss - Essay Example They should aim at reflecting the eventual HR challenges, and not just through HR practice investments but through making use of practice in the creation of value outcome. The author clearly states that within every function of management, the inability to anticipate accurately about the future may result in incomplete execution of errors which may have the ability to cause harm to the organization. For example, in case there is an incorrect design of something by the engineering department, it will have to go back to square zero in order for amendments to be made. If manufacturing fails to meet the cost required, quality requirements or delivery, there will be a quick correction of the problem and so on. I can go on and on to explain various circumstances, but as the authors of this text put it, in case HR managers fail to prepare for the future and fail to prepare an adequate plan, there will be more than just machines, designs, number and sales affected; a large number of peoples’ lives would be touched too. It may never be possible to undo such a terrible mistake. According to the authors, there may be a large number of failures caused by HR professionals, who may be administratively focused on future anticipation, although none of them may be more delayed in serious progress than the inability to gauge and watch movement of civil rights’ impact. This describes the extreme effects that may impacted an organization as a result of improper demand anticipation of economic, social, demographic, global and ethnic changes. The author might have been keen on addressing the key issues faced in a work environment as a result of worker discrimination. He puts to table the different consequences faced due to the practice of this growing vice. It is up to every HR to ensure that there is no discrimination in every single working environment if he ever wants to achieve positive, enticing organizational results. In 1941, Philip Randolph, the

High school graduates Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

High school graduates - Research Paper Example Living in a time where consistent teaching regulations and youngsters are generally subjected to learn conventional and uninteresting things, there is a great deal of uncertainty in the schools with reference to what to do after high school. In general, college is the default pathway and the majority of students ‘mechanically’ put themselves on that path; however, then there are still a small number of those who appear to be in no doubt regarding what in fact they would like to study for in college. In addition, even if they are certain, experts declare that, on the whole, a student will modify his major three times or more during the track of his/her college profession. On the other hand, a lot more disturbing statistic is that one in every four freshman in school gives up prior to finishing sophomore year. The truth is that college is not for every person nor it is really considered necessary for every person and thus, pushing teens to go to college, in order to have t hem drop out is like harming them (Lee, 2001). Before a generation or two, high-school graduates seldom went on to college, yet one way or another during the years, college more or less has turned out to be a rite of way for youngsters to pass into maturity and an excellent job. However, youngsters do not have to attend college to become grown-ups and they surely do not need to go to land at first-class profession. A few alternatives for high school graduates other than just college are discussed in the following paragraphs. Gap Year There are certain things that a student can do ahead of making up his mind regarding what his long-term path is going to be; something to fill up the gap. In addition, talking about of filling in the gap, the first thing that comes to the mind is gap year. The gap year is basically a practice of channeling in Australia, as well as in the United Kingdom, although not a lot of individuals in the States have noticed it. Mainly, a gap year is a year in the middle of completing high school and starting college that is usually spent either in travelling or working as contrasting to carrying on the education without any delay. For several students, it is a year of self-awareness as well as exploration, and it provides them a little time to dwell on what they would like to do with their lives prior to going back into an educational atmosphere. It is a disgrace that this is nearly rejected within United States of America, where, for the most part, youngsters are forced to being their secondary education immediately the moment as they graduate high school. A lot of them could in fact utilize the free time (White, 2009). As in other countries, it lets students to grow up, be mature, and pull through from burn out. Alternatives take account of recognized programs for individual development. Internships In particular, there are a number of internships readily accessible for students who have started college, and who have not yet started a furt her schooling after high school. The expertise learned from an internship can be immensely helpful as it can create knowledge and familiarity, as a result probably letting students to land on a real employment. In addition, students can get the benefit from the experience, as it will be giving them awareness about the field that the internship work is in. In this regard, this will bring about interest in some specific professional path and could give students an enhanced plan with reference to what they would like to do (Noddings, 2005). Job Having a job can provide the students important experience that can give them insight into what it is they would like to be doing in the future.  In addition, students will be making money that can be reserved for schooling expenditures that student opt to do  subsequently. Nothing assists more with that changeover to maturity than holding down a permanent employment. Student’

Ecology Essay Example for Free

Ecology Essay Patterns of plant successional change in Gatineau Park, Old Chelsea, were studied quantitatively. The relations between different successional stages of plant communities and abiotic factors were descried. To test these, we went to the fields, and worked on two transect in groups of 4. We counted the trees and measured the diameter at breast height (dbh) for tree with a dbh value greater than 2cm. The dbh measurements (cm), percentage of fern cover and percentage of bare ground were recorded and used to perform statistical analysis. No significant variations in the distribution of abundant tree species using chi2 analysis and percentage of fern cover using t-test analysis were observed between the compared sites. No significant variations found in the interquadrat analysis, and mean dbh of abundant tree species and percentage of bare ground between the sites compared. The results verified the stated hypothesis and were supported by literature sources. Introduction The purpose of this study is to quantitatively describe patterns of plant successional change in old-field succession in temperate mixed forest ecosystems and to describe the relation between abiotic factors and plant communities at different successional stages. Succession is described as predictable patterns of change over time and specifically, in ecology, as the predictable pattern of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time. There are two types of succession; primary and secondary. Primary succession refers to the successional development of plant communities that takes place on a site formerly devoid of vegetation and usually lack well developed soil. Secondary succession refers to the successional development of plant communities that takes place when a well developed ecological community is disturbed either by natural or anthropogenic factors. Secondary successions are typically faster than primary successions since well developed soil is already present (Kaufman Franz, 2000). Old field succession is a type of anthropogenic secondary succession that refers to the successional development of plant communities on abandoned farmland (Cramer and Hobbs, 2007). This lab looks at an old field succession in the temperate mixed forest biome, particularly an area along the main rail of Gatineau Park Visitor Centre in Old Chelsea. This study area consists of five different sites which have been divided into transects and subdivided into quadrats. Each transect has 3 quadrats, and each site has 4 transects. There are five sites overall: site 1, site 2, site 3a, site 3b, and site 4. Each site has a different location and has had different type of disturbance. Dbh measurements (cm) of all identified tree species, percentage of plot area bare ground and percentage of area covered by ferns were recorded within the assigned quadrats. The dbh measurements were grouped into two size categories; dbh ≠¥ 2cm and dbh ≠¤ 2cm. Null hypotheses to be tested: HO1: there is no significant statistical difference between quadrats 1 and 2 of site 3a transect 2 HO2: there is no significant statistical difference between quadrats 1 and 3 of site 3a transect 2 HO3: there is no significant statistical difference between quadrats 2 and 3 of site 3a transect 2 HO4: there is no significant statistical difference between the three most abundant species of site 3a transect 2 and site 1 transect 2 HO5: there is no significant statistical difference between the dbh value for the three most abundant species at site 3a transect 2 and site 1 transect 2 HO6: there is no significant statistical difference between the percentage of bare ground at site 3a transect 2 and site 1 transect 2 HO7: there is no significant statistical difference between the percentage of plot area covered by ferns at site 3a transect 2 and site 1 transect 2 The alternate hypotheses for each of the null hypotheses state that there is a significant difference between what is being comp ared. Materials Method Refer to â€Å"Bio 2129 Ecology Lab Manual†, â€Å"Lab # 3 – Human modification of temperate forests: Disturbance and succession†, pages 4-6. Modification: Where it says to leave the string at the transect (bottom of page 5), was modified since we were given the measuring equipment before the lab began. Results Figure 1 (a) shows that at site 3a (transect 2), sugar maple is the most abundant tree species among tree species with dbh ≠¥ 2cm. (b) shows glossy buckthorn is the most abundant tree species among tree species with dbh ≠¤ 2cm. Table 1 show no statistical significance to the t-stat, therefore no significant variation exists among the quadrats 1+2 and 2+3 for the mean dbh (cm) of sugar maple. So we fail to reject the null hypothesis. On the other hand, quadrat 1+ 3 shows variation according to the t stat, therefore the null hypothesis for that quadrat is rejected. Figure 2 shows that among tree species with dbh ≠¥ 2cm, sugar maple, iron wood, red pine are the most abundant tree species at both sites 1 (transect 2), and site 1 (transect 2). Figure 3 shows that among tree species with dbh ≠¤ 2cm, sugar maple, glossy buckthorn and red ash are the most abundant tree species at site 3a (transect 2). Sugar maple, iron wood, and white ash are the most abundant tree species at site 1 (transect 2). Table 4 shows no statistical significance. We fail to reject the null hypothesis. Table 5 shows no statistical significance to the t-stats and therefore there is no significant variation in the mean dbh (cm) ≠¥ 2 cm. We fail to reject the null hypothesis. Table 6 shows no statistical significance. We fail to reject the null hypothesis.

The relationship between Rhoda and Gertrude in The Withered Arm Essay

Discuss the relationship between Rhoda and Gertrude in The Withered Arm. The Withered Arm is a pre-20th century book by Thomas Hardy; the plot of the story is in and around the writers' imaginary village of Holmstoke and town of Casterbridge. One of the main themes of The Withered Arm was Jealousy it was portrayed through Rhoda Brook, 'a thin fading woman of thirty' 'that had once been handsome', who had an affair with Farmer Lodge and bore him a son. Farmer Lodge left Rhoda to bring up their son on her own and later married a new wife, who was 'years younger than him', called Gertrude. In this essay I am going to discuss the relationship between Rhoda and Gertrude in The Withered Arm. The relationship between Rhoda and Gertrude is a triangular one. It is between Rhoda, her ex-partner Farmer Lodge and his wife Gertrude. Rhoda heard about the coming of Farmer Lodge's new wife Gertrude through her fellow 'milkers' who were gossiping while at work. She then sent her son several times to go and 'give her a look'; she was mainly interested in the appearance of the new wife. She specifically asked her son to see "if she's dark or fair show marks of the lady' and to 'notice if her hand be white or are like a milkers hands like' hers. It was obvious that Rhoda wanted to compare herself with Gertrude but was disappointed when her son came back with news of the new wife being 'A lady complete', 'and her face as comely as a doll's' as she kept on asking her son questions like 'Her eyes not dark like mine?' and 'Is she tall?' 'as tall as I'. All the answers Rhoda got about Gertrude were so positive that when she heard that Gertrude was 'rather short' she said to her son 'with satisfaction', 'that's al... ...onduct. In fear of loosing Farmer Lodges love, Gertrude resorts to most despicable cure, which led to her death. In The Withered Arm Thomas Hardy used Rhoda's son to start a good relationship between Rhoda Brook and Gertrude. The quirk of fate in the situation is that Rhoda's son, the ill fated boy's life mutually brought Gertrude and Rhoda together in the beginning of the story and his death made them meet again, this time the last, not as friends but as enemies. The boy's carving of the chair instead of helping his mother cook and his poaching, which eventually led to his death were suggestions of his early and tragic death. It seems that as long as the two women were alive their link kept their relationship going whether good or bad, and it was only after Gertrude's death that the relationship between her and Rhoda brook finally came to an end.

What is history

Unpredictable yet calming, universal yet unique. It is a place that holds the unknown within the known. It's complexity and creases of age, embody the qualities of both our known and unknown pasts. Our history. While the oxford dictionary defines history as the study of past events, particularly in human affairs, my recent further analysis of our past and present world has entirely dismantled the idea that history can be defined by a statistical record of events, dates and figures but has rather enlightened me to the inability to restrict the idea of ‘history to one function.So, what Is history? The multifaceted nature of history, Is what links It so closely to the nature of the ocean; enforcing the fact that it is not one but many things. Upon analysis of Huffing Puffs controversial and exceedingly narrow-minded opinion that history should be taught and learnt with the â€Å"pivotal facts and dates† using the â€Å"root and branch renewal† of teaching, it has com e to my attention that his explicit focus on the linear nature of history, arrogantly neglects the soul of what history actually Is. History Is constantly flowing and moving, there are an infinite number ways to define history.Huffing puffs ignorance, is embodied in the fact that history is not only about the what, but also, most importantly the where, who, why and how. History is who people were in the past and the personalities and opinions of those people. If history was Just pivotal facts and dates, decisions would not be made by the hundreds of choices people make to decide anything, they would Just happen automatically. People's personalities and opinions effect what happened in the past o much that it would be foolish to disregard past people's point of views as history.Equally as important is the culture in which people thrived at different times in the past. The Where. Culture is the soul of a society, the ideas, customs, and social behaviors that without, societies wouldn' t exist. Culture is what differentiates an Australian boy to a French one. It Is what separates the nature of Doll Hitler to Franklin Roosevelt. What culture does Is create varied perspectives. The why. Why do people make the decisions that they do? Why do different people have different views n war?Analyzing is history. But my discovery of history increasingly similar nature to that of the ocean, not only insights us to what history is, but the vital importance of studying it. History provides us the unique opportunity to reflect, learn and re-master mistakes from the past. It would be naive to neglect this convenience, which is history. Imagine if we TLD learn from war. Would nuclear bombs be detonating all over the globe due to lack of knowledge about Its protracted destruction? Would the united Nations not exist?Not only do we need to study history to fix or comprehend hat happened in the past, but to expand from the past. â€Å"-?I e. G. Technology e. G. Light bulb†. Inn ovation provides a reason to exist, a purpose. Making the world a better place, isn't that what we all want to do? Huffing Puff obviously doesn't think so. â€Å"People without the knowledge of there past history, origin and culture Is like a tree without roots. â€Å"

The Role of Italian Government in Managing their Finance and Economy

There are many insights and studies already conducted with respect to the government system of each nation. Studies were also made to observe how particular governments run the economy of the respective states. Such aspects that include the financial organization of a country, infrastructure programs, foreign policy are some of the most important issues that directly affect the economy of a specific state. Moreover, the form of government is also critical in evaluating the total progress and status of a nation. There are instances that the form of government has direct relation with how well the economy is being run by the ministers and officials of the concerned nation. Italy has very interesting issues with regards to government policies that is being applied throughout the whole nation. In addition to that, Italy is a nation that has experienced various economic turnabouts that did affect the lives of its citizen. It can also be noticed how the government handled these issues and run the Italian economy.Government Regulation on Media in America One of the interesting facts and issues that are all about Italy is when the government implemented decentralization in running the economy. There are lots of advantages being decentralized in running a government rather than being centralized in the various organization structures and bureaucracy. On the other hand, it would do more harm to the economy of a nation once decentralization is not properly managed. The Italian government had decisions leading to these type of management wherein there would be more power being given to municipalities and provinces in running their respective territories. Italy once was a country that is centralized and such moves to amend the strategies in running the government will sure have numerous flaws, evidently because the new system is not yet fully absorbed by those that will be affected by such changes. The idea of decentralization came from the pressures being applied by the regions in the national government of Italy that are considered to be wealthy enough to support their own expenditures and services to the electorate. Such demand to shift the government framework to federalism is being pushed through since the government failed to deliver such service developments adequately to all of its territory. It is also undeniable the influence of these advocates to federalism since the government should have out rightly silenced all of these political pressures. The law that provided the outline for this modified system of government leads the country to various issues and disputes that need to be resolved. According to the Bassanini law (Piperno, 2000), such shift into federalism will provide a new era of how the government will run the economy of the country with a more balanced approach considering the regions, provinces and municipalities involved. Under this framework, more authoritative powers will be given to regions, provinces and municipalities with regards to the strategies on administering their respective local economy. However, according to the law, the national government can still hold authority on decisions that is of national interests. Such limitation is provided in the law to oversee the local authorities in administering their official functions. In addition to that, the law has set limits on the powers given to the local government entities such as any provision or ordinances should foster cooperation among local authorities, and promoting full accountability and responsibility in the decisions being made by the concerned local officials. This also includes the autonomy given to local units in collecting and managing taxes for their respective territories. Such introduction of local monetary collection system and management has further strengthened the power of local officials to collect taxes and dues form their citizens. The table below describes the amount of shares from different government levels. Share of different levels of government on total public sector revenue and expenditure (Piperno, 2000) Central Government Local Government Social Security Agencies Year Revenues Expenses Revenues Expenses Revenues Expenses 1980 59. 1 42. 6 6. 1 27. 1 34. 7 30. 1 1981 59. 7 42. 9 6. 8 30. 4 33. 26. 5 1990 61. 6 47. 4 7. 7 27. 6 30. 6 24. 9 1991 61. 7 47. 0 7. 9 27. 7 30. 3 25. 1 1993 61. 6 50. 1 9. 3 24. 5 29. 0 25. 3 1994 60. 2 47. 7 10. 7 25. 6 29. 0 26. 5 1995 59. 5 48. 6 12. 3 24. 6 28. 1 26. 7 1997 56. 9 40. 6 10. 7 26. 7 32. 3 32. 5 As seen on the table, the local government has increased revenues from the year 1980 up to 1997. This effect was caused by the continuous empowerment of the national government to the local municipalitie s to collect taxes for their respective regions. A significant increase of approximately 5% in the revenue collection was observed and the decrease in the revenue collection under the national government was due to the decentralization process that is being pushed by the officials of the Italian government. These numbers are expected to continue its trend as the advocacy for local government empowerment carry on to its full extent. Legislation made this financial decentralization implemented in the whole structure of the taxpayers to be shared with the national government. The local authorities also ventured to an enhanced system of putting taxes into the petrol industries to improve the tax collection scheme government as stated in their revised revenue distribution law. The local government also made substantial increase on the percentage of taxes being collected to its citizen and the industries to enable them to cover the administration’s expenditures and the budget deficit they have. As a result, many regions in the northern part of Italy made their corresponding local budgets better that before these decentralization measures were implemented. On the other hand, little effect was observed on the lower classes of municipalities and regions due to the limited resources with respect to the people and industries they have in their regions. Thus, there are still adverse effects as observed in these mentioned low income regions. With regards to the Italian government’s effort to administer the whole country, the laws in the land made it clear about all the interventions and systems in the economy. Knowing the structure of a particular government is essential because this is adds up to the bureaucratic control and distribution of services to the populace. This would also provide hints on how the economy is greatly affected by this form of government organization. The Italian government structure consists of the central government, regions, provinces and municipalities. In the present system, the national government holds a tough authority to regional governments. One particular example is that the central government still classifies laws and ordinances that the regions should implement even the regions were given powers to formulate their own legislation measures. The national government can reject regional-made laws that they think would not bring good to the entire nation. There have been conflicts between the central and regional government and when these disputes were brought to the courts, the judicial system always favored the side of the national government. Regional governments were introduced in the Italian government framework only in the 1948 Constitution. (Piperno, 2000). This government entity were provided under the constitution legislative and administrative authorities in the fields of high importance like in agriculture, health sector, tourism industry, transportation departments and other relevant aspects in their respective territories. There were five regions that were established under the same constitution. Before the fiscal decentralization law, regions do not have autonomy in their taxation system and were supported by the national government in their expenditures. For example, the financial support for the health centers in the region comes from the national treasury only, since they do not have money to finance their own health units. Provinces, on the other hand, possesses only limited duties in the former constitution or before the decentralization take effect. There are also situations when provinces did not have any substantial role in administering their corresponding municipalities particularly in those big municipalities and the metropolis. For the other municipalities, their control is mostly seen to take effect in terms of governance and support to the little municipalities and through proper management in rural areas. Municipal governments are mainly responsible for the basic services needed by the people such as potable water systems, domestic waste disposal systems, and other usual necessities of its citizens. With the aid of new legislations, these municipalities were given more powers and privileges such as the rights to vote for their municipal head and the independence in tax collection system. With these new constitutional rights, any municipality can benefit on the taxes it collect and as a result, more funds can be used to spend on the basic services for the populace. On the other hand, the primary weak spot of this approach is that it may create imbalance between rich and poor municipalities since there would be less income for those who have limited collections but with higher expenditures compared to the richer municipalities. Because of that, each municipality needs to find new strategies to strengthen their fiscal situation to maintain a well balanced budget. The table below shows the distribution of revenues in the municipality level form the specified years covered by the statistics made by the central statistics office in Italy. As shown in the statistics above, municipalities then depends their finance on the central government like in the year 1970 until they were given new tax measures including tax autonomy in the year 1972 but only took its significant mark in the year 1996. Other aspects of the Italian government’s approach in running the economy reflects on some of the key issues like freedom from foreign interventions, political system, banking systems, transportation sectors, real properties, education, culture and other essential concerns. As a member of the European Union, the Italian government is bounded to follow the laws formulated by the union. However, Italian people will only be prosecuted by the Italian court and the laws of the land, and not on the laws of the union. Italy has more than 2 electoral parties making it more divisive in terms of policies being implemented by the ruling party. Such scenario made the government very unstable because of disagreements even between the members of the ruling coalition. Such problems were added further by accusations of corruption of the leaders and the increasing foreign debt of the country. The banking system in Italy is also greatly affected by the policies being implemented by the Italian government. The banking sector can also be a gauge to measure the economy of a particular country. With regards to the Italian banking system, it is still stable in terms of being part of the European Union which uses Euro as the currency. Since Euro currency is very strong compared to the other currencies, this carries the economy of Italy. Another factor is that the government has no control or intervention over the banking system, making it more independent against any influence that government leaders may bring. With all of the bad scenarios in the political system of Italy, the country still provides great attraction for business investors because of its various provisions to make Italy a better choice in the business climate. The Italian government also ventured into privatization of government owned and controlled corporations. These move by the government provided private firms to own and manage these enterprises and pursue upgrades in the service it gives to the Italian people. The government also has more savings since they do not have to spend public funds to run these corporations. Having said all of these information on how Italian government run their economy, it can be said that the economic growth of Italy depends greatly on the people who are positioned in vital areas of government structures like mayors, governors, legislators and the primary head of the country. These persons hold sensitive positions that dictate the nation’s policies and direction toward progress and continuous advancement with the rest of the world. Corrupt leaders will only add to the problems the country is facing. Italy needs responsible people who would think first the welfare of the nation before themselves. These dedicated people will surely deliver good output for the continuous progress of their nation, Italy.

The Book of Job- Theological issues and doubts through each verse.

The Book of Job- Theological issues and doubts through each verse. JOB.This is a book that deals with good and evil and yet fails to mention once a reward or punishment in the afterlife. This is probably a gentile book translated for a Hebrew audience; Job does not know the Israelite name for Yahweh and he himself comes from northern Arabia. The whole purpose of the book apparently is to explain the cause of suffering, and yet it gives no answer at all. Sometimes it is to punish sins. Sometimes it is to warn others not to sin. Sometimes, as in the case of Job, there is no damn reason at all. All we are told after asking tonnes of valid theosophical questions is not to bother asking.i.6-12: Satan is presented here literally as Yahweh's right-hand man who works for him.Gods and sodasi.7: God asks where Satan has been lately (apparently God didn't know), and Satan answered saying, From walking to and fro in the earth, and from walking up and down on it, a verse which would later inspire Mark Twain's Letters From the Earth. This is in fact later contrad icted in xxxiv.22.i.6: Again, who are these sons of God? Jesus therefore isn't the only one.i.7: Why would God ask Satan Whence comest thou if he's omniscient?i.7-12: God is voluntarily allowing himself to be tempted by Satan and permits the completely unjustified and undeserved calamities to fall upon the faithful Job as well as giving Satan everything Job owns.i.21: Instead of the Lord it should refer instead to Mother Earth.ii.1: Another reference to the sons of God.ii.3-7: God permits Satan to torment Job, just to see his reaction.iii.9: Rather than dawning of the day, it should read instead the eyelids of the morning.iv.18: Apparently even Yahweh's own angels...

Explore the Local Group of Galaxies

Explore the Local Group of Galaxies Our planet orbits a star inhabiting an immense spiral galaxy called the Milky Way. We can see the Milky Way as part of our night sky. It looks like a faint band of light running through the sky. From our vantage point, its tough to tell that were actually inside a galaxy, and that conundrum had astronomers puzzled until the early years of the 20th Century. In the 1920s, astronomers discussed strange spiral nebulae they were seeing in photographic plates. Theyd been known to exist since at least the mid 1800s, when Lord Rosse (William Parsons) began finding these objects through his telescope. By the early 20th century, some scientists held the view that these spirals are simply part of our own galaxy. Others maintained that they are individual galaxies outside the Milky Way. When Edwin P. Hubble observed a variable star in a distant spiral nebula and measured its distance, he discovered its galaxy was not part of our own. It was a momentous finding and led to the discovery of other galaxies in our nearby neighborhood, including the members of the Local Group. An artists concept of what our galaxy looks like from outside. Note the bar across the center and the two main arms, plus smaller ones. NASA/JPL-Caltech/ESO/R. Hurt The Milky Way is one of about fifty galaxies in the group. Its not the largest spiral; that would be the Andromeda Galaxy. There are also many smaller ones, including oddly shaped  Large Magellanic Cloud and its sibling the Small Magellanic Cloud, along with some dwarfs in elliptical shapes. The Local Group members are bound together by their mutual gravitational attraction and they stick together quite well. Most galaxies in the universe are  accelerating away from us, driven by the action of dark energy, but  the Milky Way and the rest of the Local Group family are close enough together that they stick together through the force of gravity. A graphical representation of the Local Group of galaxies, including our own. It contains at least 54 individual members. Antonio Ciccolella, CC BY-SA 4.0 Local Group Stats Each galaxy in the Local Group has its own size, shape, and defining characteristics. The galaxies in the Local group take up a region of space about 10 million light-years across. And, the group is actually part of an even larger group of galaxies known as the Local Supercluster. It contains many other groups of galaxies, including the Virgo Cluster, which lies about 65 million light-years away. The Major Players of the Local Group There are two galaxies that dominate the local group: our host galaxy, the Milky Way, and the Andromeda galaxy. It lies some two and a half million light-years away from us. Both are barred spiral galaxies and almost all of the other galaxies in the local group are bound gravitationally to one or the other, with a few exceptions. Andromeda and the Milky Way are the two largest members of the local group. In the distant future, they will be colliding. This artists concept shows that collision from the point of view of a planet in the Milky Way. Credit: NASA; ESA; Z. Levay and R. van der Marel, STScI; T. Hallas; and A. Mellinger Milky Way Satellites The galaxies that are bound to the Milky Way galaxy include a number of dwarf galaxies, which are smaller stellar cities that have spherical or irregular shapes. They include: Sagittarius Dwarf GalaxyLarge and Small Magellanic CloudsCanis Major DwarfUrsa Minor DwarfDraco DwarfCarina DwarfSextans DwarfSculptor DwarfFornax DwarfLeo ILeo IIUrsa Major I DwarfUrsa Major II Dwarf Andromeda Satellites The galaxies that are bound to the Andromeda galaxy are: M32M110NGC 147NGC 185Andromeda IAndromeda IIAndromeda IIIAndromeda IVAndromeda VAndromeda VIAndromeda VIIAndromeda VIIIAndromeda IXAndromeda XAndromeda XIAndromeda XIIAndromeda XIIIAndromeda XIVAndromeda XVAndromeda XVIAndromeda XVIIAndromeda XVIIIAndromeda XIXAndromeda XXTriangulum Galaxy (third-largest galaxy in the local group)Pisces Dwarf (unclear if it is a satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy or the Triangulum Galaxy) Other Galaxies in the Local Group There some oddball galaxies in the Local Group that may not be gravitationally bound to either the Andromeda or the Milky Way galaxies. Astronomers generally lump them together as part of the neighborhood, although they are not official members of the Local Group.   The galaxies NGC 3109, Sextans A and the Antlia Dwarf all appear to be gravitationally interacting but are otherwise unbound to any other galaxies. This member of the Local Group is called NGC 3109, as seen by the Galaxy Explorer spacecraft. It may be interacting with another nearby galaxy. NASA/GALEX   There are other nearby galaxies that do not seem to be interacting with any of the above groups of galaxies. They include some nearby dwarfs and irregulars. Others are being cannibalized by the Milky Way in an ongoing cycle of growth that all galaxies experience.   Galactic Mergers Galaxies in close proximity to each other can interact in colossal  mergers if conditions are right. Their gravitational pull on each other leads to a close interaction or an actual merger. Some galaxies mentioned here have and will continue to change over time precisely because they are locked in gravitational dances with each other. As they interact they can rip each other apart. This action - the dance of the galaxies -   significantly alters their shapes. In some cases, the collisions end up with one galaxy absorbing another. In fact, the Milky Way is in the process of cannibalizing a number of dwarf galaxies.   A group of interacting galaxies as seen by Hubble Space Telescope. NASA/ESA/STScI The Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies will continue to eat up other galaxies as time goes by. This appears to be what has happened to create most (if not all) of the galaxies we see today. In the distant past, smaller ones merged to become larger ones. Large spirals then merge and create ellipticals. Its a sequence that has been observed throughout the evolution of the universe. Will Mergers in the Local Group Affect Earth? Certainly the ongoing mergers will continue to reshape the Local Group galaxies, changing their shapes and sizes. The ongoing evolution of galaixes will almost certainly affect the Milky Way, even as it goes about gobbling up smaller galaxies. For example, theres some evidence the Magellanic Clouds might merge with the Milky Way. And, in the distant future  Andromeda and the Milky Way will collide to create a large elliptical galaxy that astronomers have nicknamed Milkdromeda. This collision will commence in a few billion years and radically alter the shapes of both galaxies as the gravitational dance commences. Fast Facts: The Local Group The Milky Way is part of the Local Group of galaxies.The Local Group has at least 54 members.The largest member of the Local Group is the Andromeda Galaxy. Sources Frommert, Hartmut, and Christine Kronberg. â€Å"The Local Group of Galaxies.†Ã‚  Messiers Telescopes, www.messier.seds.org/more/local.html.NASA, NASA, imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/features/cosmic/local_group_info.html.â€Å"The Universe within 5 Million Light YearsThe Local Group of Galaxies.†Ã‚  The Hertzsprung Russell Diagram, www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/localgr.html. Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Should women be allowed in the military And to what extent Research Paper

Should women be allowed in the military And to what extent - Research Paper Example This paper is an attempt to analyse whether women should be allowed in the military and in doing so the paper deals with the variety of traditional and modern roles that women have played in the military service. The role of women in military There has been the participation of women in the US military service starting from the formation of the union and they were often present in the warfare during the 18th and 19th centuries undertaking spy works, nursing, cooking and laundry works. Margaret Conrad Devilbiss classifies the areas of women participation in the military during the American Revolution in to three as â€Å"first, those referred to as women of the army or army women; second, those enlisted as regular troops fighting in uniform side by side with male continentals; and third, women serving as irregular fighters affiliated with local military companies† (Devilbiss 1). Women of army were having responsibilities to support the artillery in the warfare along with provid ing treatment in the military hospitals and in the war field. The second category has performed as regular enrolled soldiers and some of them fought disguised as men together with male soldiers. Separate military units were also formed during that period composed partly or entirely of women for the purpose of local defence. A continuation of women participation was observed in the US military activities of the 19th century such as the war of 1812, the civil war during the period 186-65 and the Spanish-American war of 1898 and they focussed mainly on the health care of soldiers as the number of death resulting from injuries and also from diseases were increasing and the situation was demanding the service of experienced physicians and nurses who possess emotional and Psychological stability, strength, bravery and willingness to work under risky environments to take care of the injured (Devilbiss 1). It can also be seen that women in military were allotted more of bureaucratic and tec hnical roles rather than military service on the war front (Caforio 290). The present role of women in military is not restricted to the field of health care and they also perform various other critical functions such as the operation of automatic weapons, driving military trucks, and flying fighter plains. However they are not allowed to enrol in units such as artillery or infantry where a direct combat with enemy is essential. Considering the words of Ms. Donnelly, the president of the Centre for Military Readiness based at Michigan, â€Å"Civilized nations do not subject women to combat violence. We sometimes don't have a choice about sending young men into war, but we do have a choice about young women. And we decided as a commission, in the majority, to say that, 'No, violence against women, we do not endorse that. We support women in the military, but we don't have to submit them to direct violence in combat.† The statement provides a clear picture regarding how women s hould be positioned in military. According to Ms. Donnelly’s observation it is necessary to have women in military to undertake a large variety of non traditional jobs and thereby to support various military functions (Role of Women in US Military Gets Renewed Debate). Women also possess precision,