A Clockwork Orange Essay: A Movie Analysis -- Movie Film comparison co

A Clockwork Orange A Movie Analysis  Ã‚  Ã‚      In 1962, Anthony Burgess' novel A Clockwork Orange was published for the first time. This novel was an anti-utopian fable about the near future, where teenage gangs habitually terrorize the inhabitants of a shabby metropolis. The novel deals with the main focus that man is a sinner but not sufficiently a sinner to deserve the calamities that are heaped upon him. It is a comic novel about a man's tragic lot. (Bergonzi 152).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1971, Stanley Kubrick turned Burgess' novel into a 136 minute, color motion picture produced by Warner Brothers. The movie starred Malcolm McDowell as the young gangster guilty of rape and murder. Kubrick was both writer and director.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stanley Kubrick was born July 26, 1928 in the Bronx, New York. He is an accomplished director with other ground breaking movies under his belt, such as The Shining, Paths of Glory, and 2001 A Space Odyssey. His films have one common theme- the dehumanization of mankind. He is also known for his symmetric image composition and long "zooming out" and/or "zooming in" sequences. Kubrick constructs three-way conflicts and utilizes the techinique of extreme close-ups of intensely emotional faces. An interesting note is that Kubrick often uses the number 114 in his movies. In Clockwork Orange, Alex is given "Serum 114" when he undergoes Ludovico treatment. (Internet Movie Database 1) Some critics claim that it is due to the brilliance of Kubrick that Clockwork Orange was so successful. In his book The Science Fiction and Fantasy Handbook, Alan Frank writes, "Had the movie been the work of a lesser film maker, it is unlikely that it would have had the reception it receive d; as it is, [Kubrick's] brutalization of Burgess... ...reated a controversial film that brought the novel of Anthony Burgess to life. The violence and rapes were forced on the watcher and the nature of mankind as a sinner was driven into the minds of those who sat through the 136 minute film. Bibliography A Clockwork Orange . Beck, Michael and Thomas Waites. Cineman Syndicate. 1979. Received from America Online on April 18, 1997. Bergonzi, Bernard, Contemporary Novelists.1976. Cohen, Alexander J., Clockwork Orange and the Aestheticization of Violence. Accessed April 28, 1997 from the A Clockwork Orange homepage. Gottlieb, Sidney, Masterplots II.1987. Shipman, David. A Pictorial History of Science Fiction Films. In and Out of this World. Hamlyn Publishing, Middlesex, 1985. Utting, Bryce. A Clockwork Orange discussion notes. Accessed April 25, 1997 from A Clockwork Orange home page.   

Nature vs. Nurture - We are Influenced by a Combination :: Papers Psychology Development Behavior

Nature vs. Nurture Debate The controversy over what determines who we are, whether it is Nature (heredity, our biological make up) or Nurture (our environment) is taking a new shape. Through the past decades, psychologists have developed different theories to explain the characteristics of human-beings; how we feel, think and behave. Usually, these theories were one directional in the nature / nurture question. Today, a new approach to deal with this question is emerging. This new approach finds a middle ground between nature and nurture. The conclusion that nature and nurture are complementary and work hand and hand to shape a behavior (a purposeful and meaningful activity) is not a compromise; it is a result of a vigorous study of each of the components of the equation of heredity and environment and their affects on determining one’s development and behavior. In fact, the more we understand about development and behavior, the more obvious it becomes that nature and nurture are similarly influences rather than determinants, not only singly but also in combination. Here below, I will endeavour to expose the leading theories dealing with the question of nature vs. nurture. I will also try to present the third, new-emerging approach meant to solve the mystery of â€Å" What is it that makes us who we are?† â€Å"Our genes made us. We animals exist for their preservation and are nothing more than their throwaway survival machines.† This is what Richard Darwin states in his book: The Selfish Gene. In his international best seller book, he argues that we are merely a product of our genes and our main purpose in life is to serve the genes, become distribution agents and ensure their proliferation. Before we take any stand to Darwin’s statement, let us familiarize ourselves with what is meant when the term nature is used. Nature represents what we are born with and cannot control. Our biological make up is determined by the genes we receive from our parents(reside in the 23 pairs of chromosomes, 23 from each parent.) â€Å"A gene is a segment of DNA or a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a functional product,† (Tortora, Microbiology. p. 575.) These genes not only affect our outlook, but also play a significant role in determining our behavior and our well-being. â€Å"Through new genetic studies, clinical observation, and research on identical twins and adopted children, we are becoming increasingly aware that many of the human characteristics previously taken for granted as products of childhood rearing and environment are rooted in the genetic matrix.†, (Neubrauer, Peter. p 38) Studies of identical twins reared apart have provided researchers with a lot of clues

Chilling Chillingworth the Crook in The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

In The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne constantly attributes the qualities of a thief to the mysteriously shady character, Roger Chillingworth. Throughout the novel, we see that regardless of who he is around, or where he is, he is repeatedly referred to countless of times as ?the old Black Man? (131). This nickname that he is given displays quite evidently that Hawthorne had no doubt intended for Chillingworth to assume the role of a cold, and shadowy personage akin to that of a lowly thief. As thieves are well known for and need to be, they are usually silent, stealthy, and more often than not, baffling, in the sense that no one else knows their cunningness and what they really are thinking of when they commit their crimes. These attributes match up directly to Roger?s personality, and throughout the novel, we see that he gradually grows to become the exact impersonation of a thief. The below examples serve to demonstrate these similarities. In the first few chapters, all the w ay to the tenth chapter, the reader suspects that Chillingworth has a hidden motive in tagging along as Arthur Dimmesdale?s physician. However, toward the end of chapter eleven, we realize that the mysterious Chillingworth was not simply following Dimmesdale around to hear in on other people?s confessions but also to spy on the reverend minister and his activities! After a period of time, the physician digs up something from Dimmesdale?s past that we are not aware of just yet. However, the reaction which we see upon Chillingworth?s face after his discovery is curious indeed, with him ?[having] a wild look of wonder, joy, and horror? (135) at the same time. Hawthorne goes further beyond this description by comparing this sudden outburst of emotion to Satan?s ecstasy by saying that the only factor which ?distinguished [Chillingworth?s] ecstasy from Satan?s was the trait of wonder in it? (135). As the reader delves deeper into the book, we come to the conclusion that Dimmesdale is inde ed the father of Pearl, the product of the horrendous sin consummated through Dimmesdale?s and Hester?s illicit affair. This point brings us back to Chillingworth?s reaction to realizing this earlier at the end of chapter ten. Although this shocking news explains why Chillingworth might have been angry or horrified, it does not clarify why Chillingworth did not attempt to murder or poison Dimmesdale whilst he had the chance, especially since the reader knows from a point made by Chillingworth earlier in the book, that after Chillingworth had sought out the man who had an affair with his Hester, he would have his long sought-after revenge (73).

The One Scene That Sealed Titanic’s Fate Essay

Titanic is thought to be one of the most iconic films to ever hit theaters. According to the film industry, the film by James Cameron falls into the realm of an epic romance/disaster genre. Released in 1997, Titanic was an international box office sensation, due to the director providing equal importance to history, fiction, and romance. The film is set in April of 1912, where Jack Dawson played by Leonardo DiCaprio and Rose DeWitt Bukater played by Gloria Stuart and Kate Winslet share a love story that cannot be broken. The movie also gives a historical overview of what happened that dreadful night. This critical analysis of the film Titanic provides an overview that the innovative mode of storytelling (flash back and other techniques) can portray both a love story and the historical background while using a dissolve editing method, in which â€Å"the end of one shot gradually merges into the beginning of the next. The effect is produced by superimposing a fade-out onto a fade-in o f equal length of imposing one scene over another† (Petrie and Boggs 160). This editing effect was used at the beginning of the movie, in which at 21:03, the wreckage of the Titanic is seamlessly and effortlessly transformed into the beautiful masterpiece of a ship that it once was. This effect is also used when Jack and Rose are standing together â€Å"flying† on the edge of the Titanic, later to be transformed back into the ship wreck. This scene brings the audience back into the present and shocks them back into the harsh reality that the scene was merely a memory from Rose, and no longer the reality (Titanic1997). The editing in Titanic is truly remarkable, bringing the audience from the future into the past, shocking the audience by showing both first-class and lower-class struggles, and showing not only the love story between Rose and Jack, but the life and death of the Titanic and the two thousand people aboard. Through the use of other film techniques such as editing and camera work, set design, imagery and color, James Cameron created one of the most influential and moving works of art the film world has seen. The editing style and technique brings new life to the cinematography world, and â€Å"rejects the norms of modern Hollywood style† (Butka). In all film elements, visual effects, cinematography, color palette, editing, sound design, and music, contributes to the film as a whole. Cameron, â€Å"who has been pushing the boundaries of the Hollywood classical cinema since The Terminator, finally reached a career high point with Titanic’s synthesis of compelling storytelli ng and dexterous style and technique† (Butka) Visual effects, color, imagery, and set design play an important role in all forms of movie and television. These elements are the core foundation of the overall feeling that the audience experiences when watching a particular film. One particular element of film that impacts the story line is the setting of the scenery. Setting may â€Å"often seem unobtrusive or be taken for granted, it is an essential ingredient in any story and makes an important contribution to the theme of total effect of the film† (Petrie and Boggs 82). The setting of a film should be carefully analyzed because of the effects it has on the interrelationships of the characters, plot, and overall general feeling that the movie brings out in its audience. In Titanic, the setting plays a major role in the fact that the first class citizens were held to a higher standard that the lower class citizens. This set the mood for the rest of the film and sets up the segregation that separates Jack and Rose. The col ors also provide a strict divide between the upper and lower classes aboard the Titanic. The royalty wore brighter, more vibrant colors, as well as more flashy materials, whereas the lower class wore much more torn clothing, all of which were dark and dirty colors. These elements ultimately set the tone for the rest of the movie, and would be a constant struggle for Rose and Jack to keep their bond strong. James Cameron put an emphasis on the difference between these classes in order to give the audience the sense of segregation. James Cameron is a critically acclaimed film director known for some of the biggest box-office hits of all time. A science-fiction fan as a child, Cameron â€Å"went on to produce and direct films including The Terminator, Aliens and Avatar. He has received numerous Academy Awards and nominations for his often large-scale, expensive productions† (Biography Editors). His most noted work, 1997’s Titanic, became the first film â€Å"to earn more than $1 billion and landed 14 Academy Award nominations. Cameron took home three Oscars himself for the project: Best Director, Best Film Editing and Best Picture† (Biography Editors). To re-create one of the greatest disasters at sea in history, â€Å"James Cameron had a special studio built in Mexico, which featured a 17-million-gallon water tank and the 775-foot replica of the Titanic,† this proved to help the film be a successful blockbuster hit (Biography Editors). James Cameron’s techniques used in Titani c became immensely popular as the film became popular. Cameron’s own â€Å"documentary urge was so intense, that he created new diving and photographic equipment – at an extraordinary expense for his studio – to achieve textural authenticity by recording and presenting the eighty-five-year-old wreck of his subject. The film, then, like so many other fictional films, says the ultimate compliment to the documentary form: Cameron uses the real thing to inform his reel thing† (Petrie and Boggs 468). The main purpose behind editing a film is to keep the film in continuous motion, regardless if the time periods switch rapidly, much like in Titanic, where Rose goes from being a seventeen year old girl, to a one-hundred year old woman explaining the history of the Titanic as she remembers it. The editing techniques that were used were ultimately used to shock the audience through â€Å"sudden, jarring cuts between the third- and first-class, [which] build the antithesis between the classes and accentuate the conflicts. Some of the examples include: the cut between the steer get berthing space when Jack and Fabrizio (Danny Nucci) first arrive on the ship and Cal’s private promenade deck; the cut between Rose and Jack dancing in the steerage party scene and the first-class smoking lounge (which is such an abrupt change of atmosphere and energy that it comes as quite a cinematic shock to the viewers); the cut between the flooding in the steerage with rats on the run and the pro priety of a first-class corridor that does not even hint at the impending tragedy† (Butka). Throughout the movie, the film consists of scenes mainly from the Jack and Rose era, however in the beginning of the film, the director made use of flashback technique to unearth the romantic story of the lovers in the film. To be specific, the plot moves from present condition (say, 1996) to past (say, 1912) and to present (1996). In the opening scene, the director portrays the effort of Brock Lovett (say, a treasure hunter) to unearth the secret behind a necklace sunk with RMS Titanic in 1912. Gradually, the director portrays the love affair between Rose and Jack. In the end, Rose drops the necklace into the Ocean and returns. The film ends with a fictional reunion between the lovers. Dissolves are very important to the film, â€Å"particularly those between different time periods, and even fades are used occasionally to mark important points in the film (e.g., when Rose finishes her story)’ (Butka) Cameron also uses â€Å"establishing shots regularly, thus preserving a locale orientation for the viewers: not only do we always know exactly where we are, but these establishing shots also help us grasp the ship’s enormous dimensions† (Butka). Even in the period section of the film, â€Å"there is a separation between two distinct photographic styles: â€Å"In the first part, the camerawork is rather polite, graceful and even eloquent. [Carpenter] was trying to reinforce the opulence and beauty of the time with lighting,† (Butka). This eloquent style gives a feeling of tranquility and perfection to the first class shipmates, providing deep segregation to the boat, thus bringing about the conflict of Jack and Rose’s love. This camera and editing style let the audience feel the same way that the characters were feeling, eloquent and fashionable. When looking at the color of the first class section of the boat, â€Å"there is also use of amber, a color Ca meron has not used before; in addition, the first-class sections of the ship are even more colorful, which is undeniably helped by the exquisite costuming† (Butka). In the second part of the film, the camera work and editing becomes much more violent and choppy, showing the struggle the passengers endured as the ship hit the iceberg and ultimately began to sink. The camerawork â€Å"quickly loses that polite edge and segues into this very kinetic, sometimes violent movement. It’s jarring and bumpy, which suggests the panic of the situation. This is a point that Cameron, Carpenter, and Muro worked on together; later in the film, initial smooth and refined camera movements transform into â€Å"less elegant and more nervous. There’s a lot more handheld work and Steadicam, and its rough† (Butka). The overall production of the Titanic came at quite a cost but was a tremendous success, to say the least. Titanic’s production was a â€Å"famously difficult and complex one, a shoot on an almost unprecedented scale which featured tough technical challenges and which was overseen by a director who knew exactly what he wanted and who demanded the utmost from everyone until he got it, but it was a tough journey to get there† (Braund). Production of the film began in 1995, when â€Å"Cameron shot footage of the real wreck of the RMS Titanic. He envisioned the love story as a means to engage the audience with the real-life tragedy. A shooting took place on board the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh — which aided Cameron in filming the real wreck — for the modern scenes, and a reconstruction of the ship was built at Playas de Rosarito, Baja California. Cameron also used scale models and computer-generated imagery to recreate the sinking. At the time†, the pict ure became the most expensive film ever made, costing approximately US$200 million with funding from Paramount Pictures and 20th Century Fox (Butka). â€Å"Principal photography for Titanic began in July 1996 at Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. In September 1996, the production moved to the newly built Fox Baja Studios in Rosarito, Mexico, where a full-scale RMS Titanic had been constructed (Marsh). Special effects played an important role in how the movie filmed. Many critics were skeptical about how Cameron would portray such a disastrous scene, including the deaths of all of the people aboard the ship. Cameron then went on to say that †the people were all computer graphics. The way we did it was, we had people act out all of those individual behaviors in what we call a ’motion capture environment.’ So, a steward pouring tea for a lady seated on a deck chair – that was all acted out and then that motion file was used to drive and animate those figures. The end result is like you said: We pull back down the full length of Titanic, and you see 350 people all over the decks, doing all those different things. The same technique was used for the sinking when you see hundreds of people on the ship jumping off or rolling down the decks† (Ebert). Cameron also did not want to cut corners in regards to the props and sets used. In addition to the life-size model of the Titanic, Cameron also had â€Å"construction crews build two huge water tanks. One was 90 foot deep and over 800 foot wide in which the model could slowly sink into 17 million gallons of water fed directly from the Pacific Ocean. The second tank was 30 foot deep. It contained 5 million gallons of water and housed the elegant first class dining saloon and the three story Grand Staircase† (Titanic and Co). One of the most impressive interior sets was the recreation of the famed Grand Staircase— the most famous room Titanic contained. Additionally, the Staircase, â€Å"as mentioned by one of the film crew personnel, ended up acting almost as a character in the film, due to it being the location of several pivotal scenes, including the ending scene. Interestingly, the staircase presented in the film is slightly larger than the one on the real ship. The reason for this was because people in 1912 were shorter than they are today. As a result, the staircase was scaled up to make the actors look smaller† (IMDB). For the exterior shots of the ship sinking, the almost â€Å"full-scale ship was placed in a 3 foot deep, 17 million gallon tank and tilted using a crane. For the interior shots of the sinking ship, the sets were enclosed in a 5 million gallon tank and again tilted in the water using a crane. This was the method used for the Grand Staircase. However, to make the destru ction of the Grand Staircase more dramatic, Cameron and his team dropped 90,000 gallons of water onto it. Because the Staircase would be destroyed, there would be only one attempt to get it right. Unexpectedly, the massive volume of water ripped the Staircase from its steel-reinforced foundations, collapsing certain sections of it† (IMDB). This destruction of the stair case was relatively dramatic and saddening to the characters and audience because it had become such a vital work of art in the movie. These stairs were much more than just stairs; they were the place in which Jack fell in love with Rose, the place Rose and Jack embraced in their final kiss in the final scene; a true masterpiece that had become one of the characters, gone in an instant. Roger Ebert became â€Å"film critic of the Chicago Sun-Times in 1967. He is the only film critic with a star on Hollywood Walk of Fame and was named honorary life member of the Directors’ Guild of America. He won the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Screenwriters’ Guild, and honorary degrees from the American Film Institute and the University of Colorado at Boulder† (Ebert). He then went on to interview James Cameron on his success and struggles with the making of the Titanic. The footage of the sunken ship was mainly real footage of the actual sunken Titanic. James Cameron believed that in order for the movie to have a more authentic feel, that he should take actual film himself with his own camera. Cameron wasn’t content to buy footage from documentaries about the search for the Titanic; he shot the film’s undersea footage himself, new for this film: †It’s all our own. I made the dives and operated the camera and we lit it and every thing† (Ebert) Cameron then went on to explain the struggles that appeared when creating the interior of the Titanic. â€Å"It’s consistent with what Titanic looks like† Cameron mentioned. â€Å"We couldn’t explore the whole interior of the ship. We could only get a glimpse into some areas. We went down some corridors to the D-deck level and saw a lot of the remaining hand-carved woodwork, the wall-paneling, and the beautiful ornate carved doors. A lot of it is still there. It’s very, very cold, which helps preserve things. There are marine organisms that will eat wood, but in certain areas the wood was covered with white-leaded paint that protected Titanic† (Ebert). As morbid as it sounds, it was important to display the fear and anguish on the faces of the people trapped on and inside the sinking vessel. Even though this was a Romeo and Juliet type of love story, the overwhelming message was to portray the absolute disaster the Titanic was and to show the terror on the faces of those involved. Cameron goes on to say that many died in terror, you know, when you look at the numbers, if you were a third class male on Titanic you stood a 1-in-10 chance of survival. If you were a first class female, it was virtually a 100 percent survival rate. It broke down along lines of gender and class. If you were a first-class male, you stood about a 50-50 chance of survival. And the crew took it hardest.† Of the 1,500 who died, 600 or 700 of them were crew members. The people who stayed in the dynamo room and the engine room, to keep the lights on so that the evacuation would not become panicked – who stayed till the end and missed their opportun ity to leave the ship – that’s something you’d see less of today† (Ebert). This just goes to show that Cameron felt very passionate about the way he needed to portray this type of despair in his movie, and in order to do that he needed have the film crew work extremely hard in order to portray that same anguish. †That was our most dangerous work,† Cameron said. †The stunt team worked for weeks in advance, videotaping each one of those stunts and rehearsing it and showing me the tapes. It was all intensely pre-planned and the set was made about 50 percent out of rubber at that point, all padded up. But there’s always an X-factor. We had 6,000 stunt person days on this film – the equivalent of one man doing stunts seven days a week for 16 years. But it was all happening at once. We did have a guy break his leg, which I hated. I don’t think anybody should get hurt for a film. So I decided to do more of it with computer graphics† (Ebert). This made it more apparent that special effects had to be made more in order to keep the cast and crew safe. Therefore, the scene in which the Titanic is actually sinking was almost entirely CGI when the camera was sweeping over the boat in a birds eye view. Cameron goes on to talk about the importance of human nature and how the story of Titanic is iconic not because of the class struggles, but once tragedy strikes, we are all on the same level fighting for survival. Cameron goes on to state that the â€Å"great lesson of Titanic for us, going into the 21st century,† he said, † is that the inconceivable can happen. Those people lived in a time of certainty; they felt they had mastered everything – mastered nature and mastered themselves. But they had mastered neither. A thousand years from now Titanic will still be one of the great stories. Certainly, there have been greater human tragedies during this century, but there’s something poetically perfect about Titanic, because of the laying low of the wealthy and the beautiful people who thought life would be infinite and perfect for them.† What would you have done? Anyone seeing this movie, I said, will have to ask them this question: Would I have fought t o get on a lifeboat? Would I have pushed a woman or a child out of the way? Or would I have sat down in the lounge and called for a brandy, like Guggenheim, and faced the inevitable with grace† (Ebert)? In conclusion, Titanic taught the general public that the human race is not invincible and that nature does not care whether you are rich or poor, perfect or imperfect, or nothing at all. Through the masterful works of camera angles, visual imagery, editing, and specific scenery, director and writer James Cameron was able to recreate the tragedy of the unsinkable Titanic through the camera lens. Cameron was able to display the struggles of love, life, death, and historical understanding through the eyes of Jack and Rose, and through the magic of filmmaking, teach an incredible lesson that will live on through eternity.

A Description of the PDA Psychometric Test

What is the personal organizer Psychometric psychometric streamlet? personal organiser is a psychometric visitation that through a simple, precise and scientific method allows us to discover and learn peoples behavioral profiles. It as well allows us to evaluate the behavioral requirements of a avocation and generate detailed compatibilities that give to the different Human Resources bear upones. The arranger running does not qualify behavioral profiles as good or bad it describes the evaluated mortals behavioral characteristics. In the graphic symbol of generating a study of compatibilities between a person and a job description, it but describes and provides details on the strengths and weaknesses.Back to bill of f ar Who uses the PDA test? This psychometric valuation can be beneficial to * flock in order to understand their strengths and weaknesses to begin a ruin job, to become check at their current job, to purify their race with colleagues, superiors and or/collaborators. * Entities to identify, develop and/or deem talent. This tool is utilized by intimately of the leading companies ranked on broad Place to Work. * HR consulting entities Incorporate a new product into your portfolio, add think of to your services, and generate consulting projects establish on the psychometric behavioral test.Back to Menu What instruction does the PDA provide? Through the PDA psychometric test ou can cursorily go online to obtain * A persons behavioral profile description, expound (press here to see an example) o lead style o Decision-making style o How to lead this person to success o Persuasive skills o Analytical skills o Sales skills o Motivation direct o Main skills and strengths o Areas of onward motion * Individual and / or group compatibility between one or more than individuals and a job. Individual and or group compatibility between one or more individuals and your friendships competences. Back to Menu How does the PDA Report con tribute to the professional harvesting and development of an individual? The complete PDA narrative will help you to get by yourself better and to identify what are your important strengths and weaknesses. At the same time, itll allow you to objectively identify the skills you need to maximize your potential. If you are currently interviewing or looking for a better job, the complete PDA underwrite will help you to Research strategically Interview successfully Emphasize skills and strengths expression confident Find a job that matches your natural characteristics other benefits From all the assertable knowledge, the wiser and more useful is to know yourself William Shakespeare. If you are currently working, the complete PDA report will help you to interpret and improve your leadership skills Effectively develop your skills and strengths amend your relationship with your colleagues Plan self-improvement Understand difficulties with team members among many other benefits The tell to negotiate with others effectively is to manage you starting time. The better you know yourself, the better you can consult to others, from a confident, secure and strong emplacement Hendrie Weisinger. Back to Menu Does the PDA establish theoretical support? The PDA test is a powerful tool with more than 50 years of studies base on different theories and statistics. It is certified for its application in Latin America. The PDA test is based on a stumper with 5 pillars that measure the following dimensions and their intensities Results lie bulk and negotiation oriented Details oriented Conformity to Rules Autocontrole emocional The PDA test is based on the following theories 1) William Moulton Marstons genius structure 2) Self consistency opening 3) Perception Theory 4) Semantic accept Back to Menu Similarities and differences with DiSC many a(prenominal) evaluation tools are based on the concepts of Emotions of Normal People developed by Marsto n. These tools were created with emphasis on the advantages and benefits that such methods contributed to the force and working environment. The first generated tools were called axenic (PDA).From its first applications the tool manifested its enormous contribution collect to the quantity and bore of information. However, the solve was super slow and complex. It would take 2 hours from the spot the individual finished the evaluation until the analyst was able to produce the results. In the youthful 60s, Dr John Greier, from University of Minnesota, modified Marstons model with the intention to simplify the process and that was the beginning of what we know today as DISC- Which is nothing more than a step-down of Marstons model.Greiers simplified recitation changed the original questionnaire and even though the process took less time to interpret the result, some(prenominal) of the valuable information was lost. Some of the report information missing from Greiers model i s Intensity Axis Measures the intensity of separately behavioral tendency. Profile intensity Measures how plica the evaluated person is to his or her behavior. It assesses the flexibility/ inflexibleness aim of the person evaluated. Energy level Measures the level of energy available. Provides better sense of the motivation and stress level. Consistency indexMeasures the informations consistency and quality level. Self control Axis the fifth axis measures the individuals skill to control impulses and emotions, related to Emotional newsworthiness. Already in the 90s, with the mishap of every Human Resources employee having their own computer, internet connection, and the possibility to systemize the process of encumbrance the forms and automatically issuing graphs and reports, resurfaced the many benefits that the pure tools offered to companies over the simplifications provided by the DiSC model..

Leader member exchange theory Essay

leader section Exchange TheoryConsiderable research has sh give birth that leading can significantly influence individual, group, and organizational execution (Gerstner & Day, 1997 Judge, Piccolo, & Ilies, 2004 Lowe, Kroeck & Sivasubramaniam, 1996). Different leadinghip theories articulate a modus operandi of mechanisms through which drawship throw such influences (Northouse, 1997). An election approach to understanding loss leaders influence on individual fol abase or subordinate intensity level is through the focus on dyadic human relationships amid leaders and each of their subordinates (Dansereau et al., 1975). LMX, originally called vertical dyadic linkage (VDL), was developed approximately 30 eld ago by Dansereau et al. (1975) as a chemical reaction to average leadership style (ALS), which assumed that leaders maintain similar relationships with all of their employees.LMX broke by from this conceptualization by gamelighting the way leaders differentiate am idst their subordinates by creating in- groups and out-groups. In-group sh atomic number 18s wee high choice qualifys characterized by mutual self-reliance, respect, and obligation (Graen & Uhl-Bien 227), whereas out-group divisions capture low tone of voice exchanges that have less trust, respect, and obligation. LMX is a dyadic theory that has its roots in usage theory (Dienesch & Liden, 1986 Kahn, Wolfe, Quinn, Snoek, & Rosenthal, 1964) and social exchange theory (Blau, 1964 Cropanzano & Mitchell, 2005). The staple fibre principle of leadermember exchange (LMX) is that leaders develop different types of exchange relationships with their followers and that the quality of these relationships affects important leader and member attitudes and behaviors (Gerstner & Day, 1997 Liden et al., 1997 Sparrowe & Liden, 1997).LMX suggests that supervisory programs choose those they exchangeable and / or view as strong performers to alter the more than than important organization al parts. Conversely, the lesser roles argon assigned to those subordinates who atomic number 18 less liked or viewed as less capable. Subordinates selected for the more important roles leaven close, high-quality LMX relationships with their supervisors, characterized by trust and emotional support (Dienesch & Liden, 1986). From these high-quality relationships, subordinates start several advantages including formal and informal rewards, favor doing, fat access to supervisors, and increase communication (Dienesch & Liden, 1986 Graen &Scandura, 1987 Wayne,Shore, & Liden, 1997). On the some other hand, subordinates in low-quality LMX relationships have exchanges with their supervisors that reflect low levels of trust and emotional support and few, if any, benefits outside of the formal date contract (e.g., Dienesch & Liden, 1986). High-quality leadermember relationships or exchanges are characterized by high levels of trust, interaction, support, and formal and informal rewards (Dienesch & Liden, 1986).such(prenominal) relationships include the exchange of material and nonmaterial goods that get beyond what is specified in the formal business concern description (Liden et al., 1997 Liden & Graen, 1980). Research on leadermember exchange (LMX) has sh proclaim the value of high-quality leadermember relationships in organizations (Graen & Uhl-Bien, 1995 Liden, Sparrowe, & Wayne, 1997). Leaders and followers in these high-LMX relationships often make-up enhanced levels of satisfaction and effectiveness, as well as mutual influence, more open and honest communication, greater access to resources, and more extra-role behaviors (Gerstner & Day, 1997). Low-quality relationships, in contrast, appear to retch subordinates at a relative disadvantage in terms of job benefits and career progress (Vecchio, 1997). In low-quality relationships, members receive less access to the supervisor, fewer resources, and more restricted information, potentially leading to diss atisfaction in the job, lower organizational commission, and employee turn all over (Gerstner & Day, 1997).Sparrowe and Liden noted, the quality of the members exchange relationship with the leader, which is ground on the item of emotional support and exchange of valued resources, is diametric in determining the members hatful within the organization (1997, p. 522). In support of the theory, confirmable research indeed has demonstrated that LMX has significant influences on outcomes such as business performance, satisfaction, turnover, and organizational commitment (Gerstner & Day, 1997). So much research on LMX has accumulated, with the grand majority focusing on outcomes, that a meta-analysis (Gerstner & Day, 1997), tether literature reviews (Graen & Uhl-Bien, 1995 Liden, Sparrowe, & Wayne, 1997 Schriesheim, Castro, & Cogliser, 1999), and a new book serial (Graen, 2004) have been conducted. All five of these research efforts evince that exacting organizational and indi vidual outcomes are the native results of high-quality LMX relationships.These positive outcomes are based on role theory and social exchange theory as subordinates in high quality exchanges receive better roles, increased communication, higher levels of trust, and increased access to the supervisor. Some of these positive outcomes include higher performance ratings, better accusive performance, increased commitment. A number of other LMX studies have focused on how leader and member characteristics such as gender (Milner et al., 2007), socio-economic status (Duchon, Green, & Taber, 1986), and age and bringing up (Tsui & OReilly, 1989) may influence the leader-member relationship. In particular, the relationship surrounded by gender and LMX has been well documented. Research has shown that supervisors with same-sex subordinates are likely to develop higher quality LMXs than those supervisors of the opposition sex (Milner et al. Wayne, Liden, & Sparrow, 1994). Further, Lee (1999 ) found that perceived quality of LMX affects subordinates expectations in overall communication patterns with the supervisors depending on their gender. Additionally, correlations between subordinates and supervisor rating of LMX were significantly higher for female subordinates of female supervisors than for female subordinates of male supervisors (Varma & Stroh, 2001). LMX theory articulates the increase of a work relationship between the supervisor and the subordinate. LMX researchers proposed various models of this process (Dienesch & Liden, 1986 Graen & Scandura, 1987 Graen & Uhl-Bien, 1995).Graen and Scanduras (1987) role-making model exposit LMX as comprised of three phases role- victorious, role-making, and role routinization. In the role-taking typify, the leader makes a request or assigns a task and evaluates the members behavior and performance to tax the underlying motivation and potential. This phase corresponds to the first note in Dienesch and Lidens (1986) mod el in which demographic characteristics and personalities may influence the initial interaction between the two parties. Role-making is the continuation of the developmental process where the nature of the leadermember relationship becomes more defined. It is at this stage that managers and subordinates begin to cement the relationship (Bauer & Green, 1996). The leader provides an opportunity to the member by assigning an amorphous task. If the member accepts that opportunity, the relationship continues to develop into a high-quality exchange relationship (Liden et al., 1997). The third stage is role routinization.At this point,leader and member develop a reciprocal understanding and clear mutual expectations. The behaviors of the leader and member become interlocked (Graen & Scandura, 1987) and the quality of exchange typically corpse stable after this phase (Liden et al., 1997). Perspective taking involves the ability to consider and appreciate the perceptions and viewpoints of others and see the earthly concern through their eyes. As individuals dart the perspectives of others, they understand others behaviors in a way closer to how they understand their own behaviors. As Davis, Conklin, Smith, and Luce (1996) have pointed out, self/target carrefour occurs when we take anothers perspective, and the perceived others becomes more self alike. Kuhnert and Lewis suggested that supervisors perspective taking capacity (how umteen perspectives they are able to hold simultaneously) is manifested in the horizontal surface to which their leadership styles are characterized as transactional versus transformational.The authors argue that managers who take others perspectives as part of their own perspective (Kegan stage 3) are likely to engage in legal proceeding of higher quality, involving non-concrete rewards such as emotional support, mutual respect, and trust. Managers who are unable to effectively integrate others perspectives into their own (Kegan stage 2 ), are more likely to have transactions of a lower quality with their subordinates, based on concrete rewards such as devote increases, benefits, or other tangible outcomes. ReferencesGraen, George B. and Uhl-Bien, Mary, Relationship-Based Approach to leaders Development of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory of Leadership over 25 Years Applying a Multi-Level Multi-Domain Perspective (1995).Management subdivision Faculty Publications. Paper 57.James L. Soldner,Relationships among leader-member exchange, organizational citizenship behavior, organizational commitment, gender, and dyadic duration in a reclamation organization (2009).Dissertation.Kenneth J. Harris, R. B. (2007). Personality, Leader-Member Exchanges, and Work Outcomes. 92-96. Lunenburg, F. C. (2010). Leader-Member Exchange Theory another(prenominal) Perspective on the Leadership Process . foreignJOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT, BUSINESS, AND ADMINISTRATION , 1-3. Moates, K. N. (2007). PERSPECTIVE TAKING AND LEADER-MEMBER EXCHA NGE. Maslyn, tail and Uhl-Bien, Mary, LeaderMember Exchange and Its Dimensions Effects of Self-Effort and former(a)s Effort on Relationship part (2001). Management Department Faculty Publications. Paper 17.Mayer D.M. (2004). atomic number 18 you in or out? A group-level inquiry of the effects of LMX on justice and customer satisfaction. (Doctoral dissertation) University of Maryland. Remus Ilies, J. D. (n.d.). LeaderMember Exchange and Citizenship Behaviors A Meta-Analysis . journal of employ psychology, 269-271. Terri A.Scandura, E. K. (2009). Trust and Leader Member-Excahnge. Journal of Leadership and organizational studies, 109.

Making Children Hate Reading Essay

do children hat ablaze(p) variant is a obtain by fanny substantiation. It fork oers the charge he teached and his trust of opposites and the regularity he employ to garter the children with their literacy skills. In lav view ass freeze t clapher atomic number 18 that roundwhat modes he employ that I fo d profess the stairst equate with and most that I do delay with. I exit thrust critical accounts of two didactics methods I maintain with and mavens I acceptt check into with the I bequeath let you purpose whether you ask got with his statement or non. In the inauguration vindicatoryt impediment tells us that he neer gave maven of his legermans the stake to presuppose what they sincerely design active a support or magazine.The children persuaded him to tell him what he deprivations to hear, so that when he asks them a indecision they keister serve well it and gather in approval. He similarly scores the students tests ab turn up the defends and verbi season lists which they recrudesce to to learn, in any case that if they came crosswise a excogitate they didnt cut to cheek it up in the psychological lexicon and non to take to task him. His nephew was granted a phonograph record to rede which in tack to createher-on halts judgement was no-account arrest. thusly the instructor proceeded to render for certain they children under stood either iodineness articulate and the gist of sed deli rattling. al iodintocks concord with this method and use it on his birth students. arse halt began to suspicion some of the article of faith methods. With regards to flavor up articles you do non puff do in the lexicon, he was first- build honours degree- manikin honours degree to debate twice. He had neer placemented up a discussion that he didnt get in the lexicon he besides continue practice large(p) books and in the end pull together the meanings of the row ing he did non understand. As behind taught a ingenuousness of while groups in the equal mental subject ara he scribbleed to be hap theories well-nigh why students interlingual rendition and discombobulateup suffer. His theory, Teachers.Or specific exclusivelyy slope teachers. When a student is laboured to sound stunned obstreperously it makes them offensive. They therefore bumble when practice and some epoch lug how to pass judgment a banter. wherefore the students start to express emotion and the teacher makes them find embarrassed. If this cash in ones chipss a a few(prenominal) ages and so that psyche is roam of recital and result sometimes disclaim in solely to consume f each(prenominal) in every last(predicate) turn up loud. For exercise when I was quintuplet familys previous(a) I started railtime, and I was very(prenominal) happy, I couldnt wait. When I got to side I was identify in an innovative distinguish because my expression was exceedingly approximate for my age.I was t disused to rake and I fill well, until I came cross cut acrosss a word that I didnt retire how to swan it and alone the separate kids in the schoolroom started express joy at me. That make me obtain in reality grisly and at such(prenominal) a compromising age having that sphacelus modificationd everything some school tone for me. invariably since therefore I do non kindred recital loudly it makes me nervous. I brush off fortune clamorously when im on my own plainly when it sum distich to sermon in depend of population it actu whollyy puts be back. in time straight off I brand bewilder difficulty with dis draw clamorously an typesetters case of this is this year in incline.We were told to mouth near a reference draw from the institute Macbeth. To exempt what their economic consumption in the go was. We were to sit mint in wait of the severalize. I had trust out a au whencetically erect meet of scarper scarce everyone else did something diametric and Im utilise to world told of if I do something different so I jumped the nones and well- tried and true to make it up as I went a enormous. unfortunately this did non engagement my brace got the divulge of me and I got a gooey grade. This bosh show that it idler pass along save one time and it grass limiting everything to do with speaking. earth-closet point agnize this and tried to change it. He tried having the students that were nervous get a line loud more than frequently but woefully this did not work either. He was stumped. indeed BAM. It hit him. If he lets the students canvas books that they pauperization to aver whence maybe this allow encourage and then(prenominal) and imagine what. It did. The holi daylighttimes were advent up and gutter determined to endeavour something radical. Something that no other English teacher has through in advance. H e told his students to consume as galore(postnominal) books as they treasured and he would not be scrutiny them on it. So vertical revere education books.He besides state that if you put one all all overt identical a book red the first xl pages to ruin the source a chance to get his composition personnel casualty and then If you wear thint deal the characters and you take ont criminal maintenance what happens to them put the book down and find a book you do want to read. He had come a mood to benefactor students lift over their reverence of class period obstreperously but the students hitherto suffered from opus. not macrocosm adequate to(p) to import what they were opinion down. tush stop over devised a focussing to deal with this too. He had a new class and obdurate forthwith was the pay time to sweat out his theory.He illogical his class into groups and told them to compose around anything they wanted as long as it wasnt scarce the kindred word over and over again for the total page. This worked very well. both the students including the not so impudent students to come up with unimagined stories. Their front-runner stories were print by one of their class mates who had been musical composition a lot of his stories rough things that happened to caper Halt, they all ground them very terrible and risible stories. angiotensin-converting enzyme day he obstinate to give them a effect to pull through near instead, and of course they all wined until they install out what they were handout to write about.They were all vehement that they would be paper about the day the school burnt-out down. washstand then perceive about a professor had come up with another(prenominal) thinking, which he resolved to bring to hi classroom. He told his students that they were to write about anything non bust for 20 minuets, and if they got stuck custody create verbally the doom before until an vagary comes to you. This of course was a genus idea and it did indeed military service students with their writing and although rear end Halt did not grapple it at the time, all the students handwriting and their spell out had ameliorate just by aid them think for themselves.If you defend with the vulgar commission of article of belief with all the roentgen ray books and what not and verbalise them to look it up in the dictionary so that they simulatet imposition you then I have a slice of advice for you. beginnerT pop off A instructor If you match with the kind adjuvant way of commandment advantageously on you. Its passel uniform you that make atomic number 18 unpolished great. You plucked the right-hand(a) side to be on, because all you old family unit who close up bank in the savage stuff, be warned we are culmination to get you. Its your chicane of course, just let you go to bed what give happen if you pick the dark side. MWA HA HA HA HA.